The commands of the Navy and other countries, in their plans for expanding military preparations, are paying great attention to questions of anti-submarine warfare.
According to foreign experts, the success of the fight against submarines will depend primarily on the timely detection of boats, classification and determination of their location. The solution of these problems is mainly assigned to hydroacoustic means, which, compared with non-acoustic means, have a number of advantages:
- long range;
- relatively high accuracy of determining the coordinates of detected underwater targets;
- the possibility of automating the processing of the received data.
The greatest distribution of hydroacoustic means received in the Navy of the USA, France, Great Britain, Canada and Japan.
Hydroacoustic means of submarines
Since the beginning of the 70s, the American nuclear torpedo submarines of the Permit and Sturgeon types have been armed with the AN / BQQ-2 integrated sonar system, which is used in the Sabrok PLURO system when firing at ranges up to 55 km. It consists of hydroacoustic stations (GAS) AN / BQS-6A and -6V, noise direction finding station (SHPS) AN / BQR-7, target classification station AN / BQQ-3, calculators-indicators AN / BQA-3A and -3B, AN/BQG-2 and -4 passive coordinates determination SHPS, AN/BQH-2 recording and analyzing equipment and AN/BQA-2 sound underwater communication station (ZPS).An AN/BQS-6 station operates in echo and noise direction finding modes. The transmitting and emitting acoustic GAS antenna of this type, located in the bow of the submarine hull, is made in the form of a sphere with a diameter of about 4.5 m and consists of 1245 piezoceramic elements (Fig. 1). When the station is operating in the echo direction finding mode, the antenna provides omnidirectional radiation of acoustic energy in the horizontal plane or highly directional radiation with electronic scanning of the acoustic beam along the horizon and elevation to detect targets and output accurate target designation data to the Sabrok PLURO system. According to the foreign press, in the noise direction finding mode (under favorable hydrological conditions), the AN / BQS-6 type station detects submarines at ranges of 55-220 km.
Rice. 1. Receiving acoustic antenna GAS AN / BQS-6
During operation, the station can use the effects of surface and bottom reflection of acoustic beams.
The AN/BQR-7 SHPS receiving antenna provides direction finding for submarines. It is composed of 156 hydrophones arranged in three parallel rows about 15 m long on each side.
Antennas GAS type AN / BQS-6 and SHPS AN / BQR-7 occupy a significant part of the volume of the first compartment.
The AN/BQQ-3 target classification sonar is designed to analyze the low-frequency components of noise generated by submarines. To classify detected targets, the noise previously recorded on magnetic tape is analyzed by characteristic features of their spectral components. According to American experts, the appearance of the AN / BQQ-3 equipment in the arsenal of submarines is a significant step towards automating the processes of target classification.
The AN / BQA-3 calculator-indicator processes the underwater target detection data (bearing, range) coming from the AN / BQS-6 type sonar, calculates the course, speed, distance and bearing change and outputs the data to the Mk113 system's fire control device computer PLURO "Sabrok".
The AN/BQA-2 ZPS station with coding equipment, which is part of the AN/BQQ-2 system, provides covert communication between submarines at ranges up to 20 km.
The receiving antennas of the AN/BQG-2 SHPS are spaced along the hull of the submarine, which makes it possible to use the phase shift method to determine the elements of the target's movement.
According to the foreign press, the AN / BQQ-2 system is constantly being upgraded. The AN / BQS-6 GAS included in it are currently being replaced by AN / BQS-11, -12 and -13 stations, in which solid-state elements are widely used. These stations are more reliable in operation and convenient in operation. Has undergone modernization and ShPS AN / BQR-7. It has been supplemented with a digital multi-beam control device, which, according to US naval experts, improves the resolution and increases the range of the SPS due to the formation of a narrower receiving radiation pattern. Foreign experts believe that this device will ensure the detection of submarines at ranges of about 160 km and will make it possible to classify unidentified submarines. The location of the acoustic antennas of the stations of the AN / BQQ-2 system on the submarine is shown in fig. 2.
Rice. Fig. 2. The location of the acoustic antennas of the stations of the AN/BQQ-2 system on the submarine: 1 - hydrophones of the GAS of target classification AN/BQQ-3; 2 - antenna GAS AN / BQS-6; 3 - AN/BQR-7 SHPS antenna
In connection with the construction of submarines of the type (speed 40 knots, immersion depth 550 m) and systems in the United States, a new integrated hydroacoustic system AN / BQQ-5 is being created. According to the foreign press, it will include an upgraded AN / BQS-13 sonar with a DNA device and an AN / BQS-14 sonar. The first GAS has an increased speed of viewing the underwater space, which will allow the submarine commander to more quickly receive information about detected targets and make a decision on the use of weapons.
The DNA device includes a computer designed to form a multi-beam pattern, a narrow-band signal processing device and a device that increases the speed of the view of the underwater space. It is expected that the DNA device will be equipped with sonar, previously installed on submarines of the Permit and Sturgeon types.
According to the foreign press, in 1970 in the United States a new integrated sonar system (SSBN Unique Sonar System) was developed for SSBNs. It includes the towed AN/BQR-15 ShPS, the AN/BQR-19 ShPS, as well as the AN/BQS-4 sonar with a digital multibeam control device. The AN/BQR-15 towed SHPS can detect submarines under a layer of temperature jump in the aft field of view.
For nuclear torpedo submarines, the United States has also created an integrated STASS system, which includes AN / BQH-4 intelligence data collection equipment.
In the French Navy, diesel submarines of the Daphne type are armed with GAS DUUA-l, DUUA-2A and ShPS DUUX-2.
GAS DUUA 1 (modifications A, B and C) by Alcatel is designed to detect enemy submarines and issue target designation data at ranges up to 6 km, as well as for underwater sound communications. The station operates in the frequency range 2 - 40 kHz, pulse duration 8.2 or 150 ms. Its modified versions differ mainly in the composition of the component blocks.
The DUUA-2A sonar can be installed on submarines with a displacement of up to 1200 tons. In active mode (operating frequency 8.4 kHz), the station provides detection, determination of target coordinates (at ranges up to 24 km), underwater sound communication and navigation when sailing at great depths. The DUUA-2A station can emit frequency-modulated pulses of various durations (30, 300 or 500 ms), which is its characteristic feature.
ShPS DUUX-2 has modifications A, B and C; The station of the third modification is also equipped with submarines of the Navy. The receiving antenna of the SHPS DUUX-2 consists of three groups of hydrophones mounted along the contours of the submarine's hull. This allows the method of comparing the phases of signals received by hydrophones of different groups (operating frequencies 5, 7, 12 and 18 kHz) to measure the range to the detected targets and determine their location at a distance of up to 30 km ± 10% with a direction finding accuracy of ± 1.5 °.
The French Thomson-CSF SHPS, designed to detect and locate submarines and surface ships, is one of the most promising. It can be used in conjunction with stations operating in active and passive modes, and with torpedo fire control devices. In this NSS, a digital computing device is used for signal processing.
Small submarines of the Toti type are equipped with an integrated IP-64 hydroacoustic system. It is planned to be installed on two new submarines under construction. This system is designed to detect targets, determine their location and issue data for attack. It includes a sonar with an acoustic antenna (mounted in the bow of the submarine's hull) and a SPS. The search and detection of targets are carried out mainly by the direction-finding station, in which the signals are processed by the correlation method. After detection, a single pulse is emitted in the direction of the target, which makes it possible to measure the range to the target and its relative speed.
The SPS can also be used with the MD-64 acoustic rangefinder, which passively measures the distance to the detected sound sources. For this, a method is used to compare the delay time of sound waves received by thundering groups of hydrophones. Each hydrophone has a number of elements that are phased in the horizontal plane. The MD-64 rangefinder works automatically, after determining the direction to the noise source, the equipment synchronizes and continuously measures the bearing and range displayed graphically on the recording device.
Hydroacoustic means of surface ships
On the ships of the navies of the NATO countries, as reported by the foreign press, stations of American, British, French and Canadian production are most widely used.US Navy ships (aircraft carriers of the "America" type and, anti-submarine aircraft carriers of the "Essex" type, cruisers URO, "Albany", "Galveston", nuclear cruiser URO "Bainbridge", cruiser URO "Legi", destroyers URO types "Kuntz" and "Charles F. Adams", Forrest Sherman-class destroyers) are equipped with the AN / SQS-23 sonar used in the PLURO system. It was supposed to equip this station with 190 ships. After modernization in 1971, the station received the designation AN / SQQ-23 PAIR. It uses microelectronic circuits, modular designs, signals are processed by digital methods. It is planned to equip the US Navy PF-type frigates under construction with it. The placement of the main components of the station on a destroyer is shown in fig. 3.
Rice. 3 The layout of the components of the AN / SQQ-23 PAIR hydroacoustic station on a destroyer: 1 - combat information post; 2 - compartment of hydroacoustic equipment; 3 - acoustic antenna of station AN/SQS-23; 4 - hydrophone array of the nasal observation sector; 5 - hydrophone array of the aft observation sector; 6 - hydroacoustic cabin
URO-class nuclear cruisers, Trakstan, Belknap-class URO cruisers, destroyers of the US Navy type and other types of ships are equipped with a more advanced AN / SQS-26 sonar (modifications AX, BX, CX). This station, put into service in the early 1970s, is being continuously improved. Its value has increased by 79%. It was decided to continue the modernization work until 1977. The AN / SQS-26 station provides firing of the Asrok PLUR, torpedoes and bombing, direct channels for the propagation of acoustic energy, convergence zones and the effect of bottom reflection are used during operation. According to the foreign press, the range of the station in active mode is about 30 km, and when using convergence zones, 55-60 km.
There are 576 elements in the GAS AN / SQS-26 acoustic antenna, placed in a special bulb-shaped fairing under the ship's stem. It is believed that this design allows you to increase the range of the GAS by reducing its own interference, reduce the resistance to the movement of the ship and increase the speed of searching for targets.
The electronic equipment of the AN/SQS-26 station is housed in 37 cabinets and, in total weight, is three times the weight of the equipment of the AN/SQQ-23 station.
The most modern stations in service with the ships of the British Navy are considered GAS MS26, 27 and 32, developed by Plessy.
The MS26 GAS was designed for ships with a displacement of up to 150 tons, and the MS27 GAS - 750 tons. Although their estimated range is 7 km, the practical range, even under favorable hydrological conditions, is believed to not exceed 4.5 km. These stations include a transmitter, a hydroacoustic control panel, Doppler and sector receivers, and auxiliary units. The transmitter with the power supply unit weighs 172 kg, the acoustic antenna with the radome weighs 2130 kg.
The MS32 station provides detection, classification of underwater targets and the issuance of data to anti-submarine weapon systems. Its acoustic antenna and electronic equipment, in which solid-state elements are widely used, each weigh 2000 kg.
In the 60s in the USA, France, Canada, and somewhat later in the UK, they began to design towed sonar and SHPS with a variable depth of immersion of an acoustic antenna to detect submarines under a layer of temperature jump. As a result, stations AN / SQS-35, -36 and -38, AN / SQR-13 and -14 appeared; (USA), DUBV-43 (), AN / SQS-507 (), 199 () and others. According to foreign experts, these GAS have a low noise level and they have great underwater target detection capabilities. In the United States, promising shipborne towed systems TASS and TACTLASS are being developed.
The AN/SQS-35 and -36 stations use miniature electrovacuum devices, while the AN/SQS-38 uses solid state elements. AN / SQS-36 is designed to detect submarines in deep water areas, and AN / SQS-38 in shallow water. The appearance of the towed hull of the station AN / SQS-35V is shown in fig. 4.
Rice. 4 External view of the towed hull GAS AN / SQS-35V (view from the stern)
The AN / SQR-13 station was adopted by the US Navy ships in 1971. Its antenna has three hydrophones, which allow it to passively determine the range to the detected target and the bearing to it.
In 1972, the towed AN / SQR-14A ITASS (Interim Towed Array Sonar System) was developed. It is currently being tested at sea.
GAS DUBV-43 of the Alcatel company, which is in service with French destroyers, is a prototype of the DUBV-24C station. Its acoustic antenna is towed by the ship at a distance of up to 250 m from the stern at a speed of 4 - 24 knots, detecting targets at a distance of up to 25 km. In this case, the towing depth of the antenna can vary within 10 - 200 m. The antenna (diameter 1 m, height 1.2 m) is placed in a towed housing (length 5.5 m, width 1.7 m, weight 7.75 position). The design of the antenna ensures the emission of signals with a power of up to 96 kW at great depths. DUBV-43 can be used independently and in conjunction with the IXJBV-23 sonar, which has a tail antenna for detecting targets and issuing the necessary data to attack them.
The Canadian towed GAS AN / SQS-507 was developed for experimental anti-submarine hydrofoil boats. It is designed to detect and track targets at high speeds (up to 60 knots) and provide a torpedo attack. Work on its creation began in 1963, and in 1968 the developer company transferred the station equipment to its Navy.
The English GAS 199 is in service with anti-submarine ships of the British and Australian navies.
HYDRO-ACOUSTIC STATION, a set of acoustic, electrical, electronic devices and devices with the help of which the reception and / or emission of acoustic vibrations in water is performed. There are passive hydroacoustic stations (noise direction-finding, sound-gauging, hydroacoustic reconnaissance stations, etc.) that only receive acoustic waves, and active hydroacoustic stations (sonars, echo sounders, echometers, sound underwater communication stations, etc.) that emit acoustic waves and receive reflected (echo) from the wave object. Passive hydroacoustic stations are used to detect and determine the direction (bearing) to a noisy object (a moving ship, a moving submarine, active hydroacoustic stations, etc.). The composition of hydroacoustic stations of passive action includes: a hydroacoustic antenna that receives an acoustic signal and converts it into electrical, electronic equipment that provides amplification, display, registration and signal processing; devices for forming the antenna directivity, etc. A passive hydroacoustic station works for reception and therefore ensures complete secrecy of the action.
Active sonar stations are capable of detecting both noisy and non-noisy objects, moving and stationary, but can be detected and direction-finding by radiation (because they work for transmission and reception). The composition of active hydroacoustic stations, in addition to instruments and devices available in passive hydroacoustic stations, includes a generator device for generating electrical radiation signals, an antenna that converts this signal into acoustic and radiates it into a certain solid angle of the water space, devices for forming the antenna directivity , antenna switching devices (if radiation and reception are carried out by one antenna), etc. A powerful and narrowly directed acoustic beam of an active hydroacoustic station sent by its emitter, reflected from the target, returns and is captured by sensitive receivers. According to the time of passage of the signals and the nature of the reflected signal, the object is classified and the distance to it is determined. By maintaining more or less long hydroacoustic contact with an object (for example, a submarine), all parameters of its movement are determined.
Hydroacoustic stations are installed on ships (including submarines), helicopters, and also permanently. Hydroacoustic stations are used to search, detect and locate any objects, carry out hydroacoustic communication (for example, submarines with each other and with surface ships), protect territorial waters, measure depths, ice thickness, as well as solve problems of navigation, geological exploration and studying the marine environment (for example, searching for accumulations of fish), etc.
Lit .: Koryakin Yu. A., Smirnov S. A., Yakovlev G. V. Ship hydroacoustic equipment. SPb., 2004.
1. The detection range of a submarine of medium displacement at a search speed of 20 knots and under non-limiting hydroacoustic conditions is up to 25 - 40 km.
2. Median errors in determining coordinates:
Heading angle - no more than 0.5°;
By distance - no more than 0.8% of the nominal value of the scale.
3. The station provides an overview of the water space on the horizon within the heading angles from 0 to 150 ° starboard and port sides. Simultaneous viewing in the vertical plane is due to the directivity characteristic in this plane (4°), to expand the viewing angle in the vertical plane, it is possible to tilt the acoustic antenna up to 60° down and up to 10° up.
4. The size of the dead zone at a distance of 1.5 - 2 km.
a) in the detection mode - about 4 ° when emitting and receiving in the horizontal and vertical planes;
b) in escort mode:
At frequency f 1 - about 4 °;
At a frequency f 2 - about 6 ° for radiation and reception in the horizontal and vertical planes.
6. The electrical power supplied to the acoustic antenna is at least 200 kVA.
7. Station instruments are designed for normal operation under the following conditions:
Ambient temperature from 0 to +45°;
Rolling with an amplitude of 10° and a period of 8 s, pitching with an amplitude of 5° and a period of 5 s.
Station composition. The station includes the following main instruments and devices:
Acoustic antenna with a swivel-tilt device (device 1), which is a flat mirror measuring 4 m by 4 m with cylindrical piezoceramic transducers mounted on it (18 vertical transducers, each with 8 transducers);
Generator device (devices 2, 2A, 22);
The control and monitoring panel (device 4), in which the blocks for indicating, controlling and monitoring the operation of the station are concentrated;
Preamplifier and delay circuits (device 8);
Transmission and reception switches (device 13);
Doppler effect compensation device (device 17);
Rectifiers (devices 20, 20A);
Power boards (devices 21, 21A);
Radiation path control device (device 24A);
Acoustic beam trajectory builder (device 25).
2. External communications of the GAS and work according to the block diagram.
External links. To ensure long-term tracking of the submarine, the station has communication with the following ship instruments and systems: log, gyrocompass, central stabilization system, MG-325 station, Sprut system, MVU-200 and 201.
Principle of operation. Consider the principle of operation of the station according to the block diagram shown in Fig.1.
The station has the following operating modes:
Detection, in which the search for targets is carried out in steps of 30 ° in the field of view of ± 150 ° with the issuance of target designation to the tracking path;
Detection - tracking, which allows, when tracking a target along the course angle on the indicator IE2 of the tracking path, to simultaneously view the 30 ° sector on the detection indicator IE1;
Accompanying, in which the exact coordinates of the target are generated - heading angle and distance;
Listening to target noise in a wide frequency band.
In the detection mode, acoustic energy is emitted almost simultaneously in the 30° sector. In this case (during radiation) nine directional characteristics are formed, 4° each; upon reception, the indicated sector is covered by eight directional characteristics. The acoustic antenna is connected to the equipment of the emission and reception paths by means of a reception-transmission switch.
In the receiving path, each of the 18 bands of the acoustic antenna is connected to its own pre-amplifier through a receive-transmit switch. The outputs of the preamplifiers are connected to the devices of the receiving path, which ensure the operation of the station in the modes of detection, tracking and listening.
After the target is detected, a rough determination of the direction to the target, the distance to it, and the issuance of target designation to the tracking path are made.
In the detection-tracking mode, target tracking is carried out by the central directivity characteristic, and detection within the 30 ° sector is symmetrical with respect to the direction to the tracked target.
In the tracking mode, the target coordinates are refined, semi-automatic tracking of the target along the heading angle and distance, as well as data transfer to the PSTB, MVU-200, 201 system. In the listening mode, targets are detected by the noise they create. Listening can be conducted in a sector of ±150°.
Within the search sector, the acoustic antenna can be moved by a channel step of 30° using an automatic step search or manually. When listening, the antenna is rotated manually or by a semi-automatic system.
Indication of received signals is carried out:
In the detection mode - on the IE-1 indicator, made on a cathode-ray tube with a "B" scan and a signal brightness mark when using a multi-channel display system, and with an amplitude one - on a loudspeaker and tape recorder;
In the tracking mode - on the electronic indicator IE-2 (bearing deviation indicator), made on a two-beam electronic tube with a linear sweep, and a distance recorder, by recording an echo signal on electromechanical paper;
In listening mode - on the loudspeaker and phones.
1. Hydroacoustic station with lowered antenna MG-329.
An example of a hydroacoustic station with a lowered acoustic antenna is the MG-329 station. The station is intended for arming anti-submarine ships, ships and special-purpose ships and allows detecting submarines and determining their coordinates (bearing and distance). The search and detection of submarines are carried out only at the foot of the ship.
In the hydroacoustic cabin - a pulse generator, an amplifier, a control and monitoring device, a power device and a depth indicator;
On the upper deck there is a lowering device in a special cassette in the immediate vicinity of the winch and crane beam. The lowered device consists of two compartments: flooded and sealed. The flooded compartment houses a barium titanate reflector antenna and a preamplifier. The sealed compartment houses the antenna rotation drive, heading sensor and depth sensor.
The station provides four modes of operation: noise direction finding (SHP), manual tracking (RS), distance determination (OD), active step-by-step search (AP).
The station provides:
Target detection during a circular view of space in the SHP mode;
Determination of the bearing to the target;
Measuring the distance to the target;
Automatic step-by-step survey of the water area.
The performance data of the station MG-329:
The detection range of a submarine maneuvering at a speed of 8 knots at a depth of 50 m under favorable hydroacoustic conditions in the SHP mode is 50 cabs, in the AP and OD modes - 33 cabs;
The median error in determining the distance is 3% of the scale;
The station can operate with a sea state of 3 - 4 points with a ship drift of no more than 1.5 knots;
The maximum depth of immersion of the acoustic antenna is 50 m;
The time of immersion (ascent) of the acoustic antenna to the maximum depth is 70 s;
The time of a single survey of the water area, taking into account the lowering and raising of the acoustic antenna: in the SH mode - 3 min, in the AP mode - 6.5 min, in both modes - 7 min;
The station is ready for operation in 3 minutes after switching on;
The duration of continuous operation is not more than 4 hours;
The station operates on two frequency standards; the bandwidth of the receiving path:
in SHP mode - 2500 Hz,
in AP and OD modes - 60 Hz;
The rotation speed of the acoustic antenna in the SHP mode is 4 rpm;
Step of view when working out a stepper machine 15 °;
Width of the directivity characteristic in all planes 20°;
The station is powered by a three-phase alternating voltage of 220 V, 400 Hz and a constant voltage of 27 V;
Power consumption from the AC network 400 VA, from the DC network - 200 kW;
The power consumed by the winch from the DC network is 2 kW.
Median bearing error 5°;
The functional diagram of the station is shown in Fig. 1
In the SHP mode, direction finding is carried out according to the maximum method. When the switch for the type of work “ShP-RS-AP” of the control and monitoring device is set to the “ShP” position, power is supplied to the excitation winding of the EM-1M motor of the control unit. Since the EM-1M engine continuously turns the S-3V selsyn rotor at a speed of 4 rpm, the antenna rotates at the same speed.
An inductive sensor, rigidly fixed on the body of the lowered device, produces a three-phase voltage, depending on the angle of rotation of the body relative to the magnetic meridian.
In the differential selsyn, the rotation angles of the descending device relative to the magnetic meridian and the acoustic antenna relative to the body are summed. As a result, an error signal is generated that determines the angular position of the acoustic antenna relative to the magnetic meridian. The arrow pointer of the modulator block of the control and monitoring device fixes this angle, equal to the bearing to the target.
Since the rotor of the VTM-1V sine-cosine transformer rotates synchronously with the acoustic antenna, voltages are induced on its stator windings, which change according to the law of sine and cosine of the angle of rotation of the antenna relative to the meridian. After detection, the sine and cosine components are applied to the plates of the cathode ray tube, determining the position of the beam on the screen. With continuous rotation of the acoustic antenna in the WB mode, the beam on the indicator screen describes a ring.
Thus, data on the position of the axis of the directivity characteristic of the antenna relative to the magnetic meridian can be determined from the display screen and the arrow pointer of the control and monitoring device.
The noise received by the acoustic antenna is converted into electrical voltage. This voltage is fed to the input of the pre-amplifier through the “Receive-transmit” switch. From the output of the amplifier, the signal is fed through a cable cable to the input of the amplifier. After amplification, the signal voltage is fed to the frequency converter, which consists of a mixer, a local oscillator and a low-pass filter. At the output of the converter, an audio frequency voltage is generated, which is supplied to the head phones and to the backlight amplifier, and from it to the backlight tube modulator. In addition, this signal is fed to the base detector of the amplifier. The load of the base detector is the control winding of the magnetic modulator of the modulator unit.
The working windings of the magnetic modulator are connected to a 200 V, 400 Hz circuit in series with the rotor windings of the rotating transformers VTM - 1V of the control unit and the transformer rotation mechanism and the primary winding of the reference voltage transformer. When a target signal is received at the input of the base detector, the direct current flowing through the control winding of the magnetic modulator changes. This leads to a redistribution of the supply voltage between the working magnetic modulator and the rotor windings of the rotating transformers VTM - 1V, as a result of which the voltage also changes on the stator windings VTM - 1V, which leads to a radial deflection of the beam on the CRT screen.
Thus, at the moment of passing the directional characteristic of the acoustic antenna along the target, an amplitude mark is observed on the annular sweep of the CRT, the intensity of the glow of which is slightly higher than the intensity of the glow of the scan.
In the PC mode, the supply voltage is removed from the motor control winding EM - 1M, and the motor stops. Rotation of the acoustic antenna is carried out using the handwheel for manual tracking. Otherwise, the station operates in the same way as in the SHP mode.
To eliminate the influence of random turns of the acoustic antenna in the station, stabilization of the antenna position was introduced in all operating modes.
The station is transferred to the OD mode from the PC mode by pressing the start button in the control and monitoring device. When the start button is pressed, relay P2 is activated.
After 0.15 s after the relay P2 has been activated, the cam mechanism opens the blocking contacts of the trigger pulse formation circuit. The trigger pulse generation circuit generates a pulse that starts the pulse generator. From the output of the pulse generator through the switch “Reception - transmission”, the video pulse enters the acoustic antenna, is converted into an acoustic pulse and radiated. 0.2 s after the pulse is emitted, the cam mechanism opens the switching contacts of relay P3. The relay de-energizes and removes the AC voltage from the blanking circuit, and a sweep begins on the CRT screen. The time delay is necessary to eliminate the non-linear section of the sweep caused by the inertia of the motor. Thus, the synchronism of the beginning of radiation and the beginning of the sweep is ensured. In addition, the voltage is removed from the storage device, and the “Receive-transmit” switch switches the station to receive.
In the presence of a reflected signal, the passage along the receiving path and its indication on the CRT screen and in telephones occur in the same way as in the SHP mode.
After 8.8 s, which corresponds to the full duration of the sweep on the screen, i.e. the time of signal passage to the target located at the maximum range, and back, the cam mechanism closes the switching contacts of the relay P3. Due to this, the start button is unlocked, the amplifier output is connected to the backlight amplifier, the alternating voltage is removed from the damping circuit and the motor supply voltage. The brake circuit applies braking voltage to the motor and the motor stops. Since the blanking circuit is not working, a sweep appears on the tube screen. The amplifier's filter switching relay disables the 600 Hz filter. The relay operating mode switch P1 again connects the stator windings of the rotating transformer VTM - 1V to the step-up transformers. the station automatically switches to PC mode. If you want to measure the distance to the target again, then you need to press the start button.
2. Hydroacoustic station with towed antenna MG-325.
An example of a sonar station with a towed acoustic antenna is the MG-325 station, designed to search, detect and determine the coordinates of submarines under adverse hydrological conditions, when the use of sonars with acoustic antennas to detect submarines is difficult. Ships pr. 159, 1123, 1134B, 1135 are armed with the station.
The station equipment on the ship is located:
In the hydroacoustic cabin - an indicator device and a launch device;
In the hydroacoustic department - a generator, a generator power supply device, a pulse
polarizer and accumulators;
On the upper deck - a winch, lifting - lowering and towed devices.
The towed device has 2 compartments: a hermetic one, in which an amplifying device, a matching device and a leakage sensor are placed, and a flooded one, in which an acoustic antenna is placed, consisting of a radiating and receiving part, and a transducer designed to emit and receive acoustic vibrations during a control check of operation stations.
The station operates in active mode and provides:
Search and detection of submarines;
Determining the distance to the target and heading angle (bearing) to the target;
Issuance of coordinates (distance and heading angle) of the target to the sonar station for accurate determination of coordinates and fire control devices.
Tactical - technical data station MG - 325:
The detection range of a submarine at a ship speed of 25 knots in an underwater sound channel is 4-7 km;
Median direction-finding error relative to towed device 3°;
Median distance error: 1.5% on the 7.5 km scale and 2% on the 3.75 km scale.
The working sector of the review of the water area is 250° along the course of the towed device;
The setting and hauling of the towed device is possible when the sea is not more than 3 - 4 points;
The towing depth can vary within 15 - 100 m;
Accuracy of the towed device at a steady towing speed: according to
roll ± 3 °, depth ± 2 m;
The station operates on one of 3 frequency standards;
Electric power supplied to the radiating part of the antenna, not less than 100 kW;
The duration of the emitted pulses is 25 and 5 ms;
The solution of the directional characteristic of the acoustic antenna at the level of 0.7 for the radiating part in the vertical plane is 14°, in the horizontal - 270°, for the receiving part in both planes - 14°;
The equipment of the station is designed to operate at an ambient temperature of -10 to +50°C under vibration conditions in the frequency range of 5–35 Hz with an acceleration of 1g for equipment located on the ship, and in the range of 15–20 Hz with an acceleration of 2g for equipment, placed on the towed device;
Power supply of the station from the network of three-phase current 220 V, 50 Hz;
Power consumption 6.5 kVA;
The mass of the station is 5300 kg.
A simplified functional diagram of the station is shown in Fig.4. The station operates in echo direction finding mode. The pulses from the generator through the current collector of the winch, the cable-rope and the matching device arrive at the radiating part of the acoustic antenna, in which they are converted into acoustic vibrations. At the same time, a sweep is launched along the distance of the sector view indicator, which is designed for visual observation of targets in rectangular coordinates (distance - heading angle). The signal is emitted in a sector of 250° along the course of the towed device. After radiation, the station automatically switches to receive mode.
The acoustic signals reflected from the underwater object are perceived by the receiving part of the acoustic antenna, in which they are converted into acoustic signals, and then fed to 26 preamplifiers according to the number of antenna receivers. After amplification, the signals arrive at the compensator, which forms 20 spatial receiving directional characteristics (20 channels). Thus, directional reception is carried out in the 250° sector. From the output of the compensator, the signals are sent to 20 main amplifiers according to the number of channels, where the working frequency of the signal is converted into an intermediate one and its further amplification takes place. The outputs of the main amplifiers are connected to the inputs of the sector and step view switches.
The sector view electronic commutator alternately connects the outputs of the main amplifiers to the sector view indicator. The switching cycle occurs synchronously with the heading sweep. Due to this, a two-coordinate horizontal scan distance - heading angle is formed on the screen of the sector view indicator.
Sector view is used when searching for submarines. Echo-signal is recorded on the screen of the sector view indicator in the form of a brightness mark, where the distance and heading angle are determined by its position. Heading angle (bearing) to the target is determined relative to the towed device by counting the angle in the horizontal plane between the direction of arrival of the echo-signal and the diametrical plane of the towed device (true meridian).
When an underwater target is detected, the operator, using the channel switch, connects the channel in which the signal is detected to the stepper view indicator. Channel switching in this case is carried out by a step-by-step switch having frequency control of channels. On the screen of the stepper view indicator, a range scan is formed synchronously with the pulse emission. At the moment of arrival of the reflected signal, an amplitude mark is observed. This is how the distance in the selected channel (direction) is determined using the step view indicator.
The sector view indicator is used to track the target.
The walk path includes the auditory path, which allows you to listen to the echo signal in telephones and loudspeakers. The connection of the auditory tract to the channel selected by the operator is carried out simultaneously with the connection of the stepper view indicator by the channel switch.
Fig.2. Structural diagram of the GAS MG-325.
1. Purpose, tasks to be solved, composition of the station, placement of the MG-7 sonar.
2. Modes of operation, principle of operation, performance characteristics of GAS MG-7.
Literature:
1. Technical description of GAS MG-7.
2. Form GAS MG-7.
3. Operating instructions for GAS MG-7.
I. Purpose, tasks, composition of the station, location.
1. Shipborne sonar station MG-7 is installed on surface ships and is designed to solve the following tasks:
Detection of underwater sabotage forces and means (PDSS);
Determining the coordinates of the detected targets (distance, heading angle).
2. GAS MG-7 is used when ships are anchored or barreled at maneuverable bases and in unprotected roadsteads.
3. The hydroacoustic station MG-7 includes the following devices:
Device 1 - hydroacoustic antenna;
Device 2 - probe pulse generator;
Device 4 - main electronic indicator
Device 5 - power supply;
Device 6 - remote electronic indicator;
Device 13 is a multichannel preamplifier with an electronic switch.
The purpose of the GAS MG-7 devices and their placement are given in Table. one.
II. Mode of operation, principle of operation, performance characteristics of the station.
4. The station is used in the following modes;
I - full power mode;
II - low power mode (25% of the total radiation power);
III - the mode of target imitation and watchkeeping control by the operator.
Table 1 PURPOSE AND PLACEMENT OF DEVICES GAS MG-7
Name Purpose of the device Installation location
Appliance 1 Electrical Signal Conversion - Upper Deck
in hydroacoustic radiation; sonar - ship in protective
tic to electrical, their amplification and de-enclosure
tektirovanie at reception; formation of one
receiving characteristics
Device 2 Formation and generation of electro- Hydroacoustic
ric pulses of the required length - cutting
shapes and forms at the operating frequency of the station
Device 4 Amplification and indication of echo signals from Hydroacoustic
targets on the PPI screen, determination of the current
target coordinates, mode control
Mami work, work control
the accuracy of the station instruments.
Device 5 Formation and stabilization of voltage Hydroacoustic
zhenii power supply devices station cabin
Device 6 Indication of echo signals from the target on the BIP
PICO screen. Formation of electrical
echo signals
from one or two targets, control
operating modes of the simulation unit,
synchronization of two GAS MG-7 with one
temporary work on a ship
Device 13 Amplification of reflected hydroacoustic
signals, electronic polling
receiver channels and their serial
connection to ICO
5. Principle of operation
The operation of the station is based on the principle of pulsed target sonar.
The control unit BU-2 generates rectangular pulses with a duration of t=0.5ms with a repetition period of Tsl =533ms, which are fed to the probing pulse generator that generates pulses with a duration of t=0.5ms with high-frequency filling. From the generator output, these pulses are fed to a hydroacoustic emitter (I) with non-directional radiation in the horizontal plane and narrowly directed in the vertical at a level of 0.7 (Figure 1). The signals reflected from the target, depending on the direction, are received by the corresponding hydroacoustic receivers (HAP), forming a statistical fan of the receiving antenna directivity characteristics intersecting at a level of 0.5 (Fig. 2), converted into electrical signals, amplified by a high-frequency amplifier with automatic gain control ( UHF with AGC) and are detected by the amplitude detector (D). Thus, a low-frequency envelope of the signal is allocated at the output of the working channels, i.e. video signal. The signals from the outputs of 32 channels are fed to an electronic switch, which performs a serial poll of the channels with a polling frequency of f=1920 Hz. During the duration of the reflected signal, each channel is polled by the switch once. To synchronize the CRT beam sweep with channel polling, a polling frequency of 1920 Hz comes from the electronic switch to the control unit (BU-2), which controls the operation of the scanner unit (BR). For the same purpose, the 1920 Hz signal enters through the synchronization unit (BS) of the remote indicator into the IE unit of this indicator.
The scanner generates a three-phase sinusoidal voltage with an amplitude that varies according to the sawtooth law (Figure 3), which produces a helical scan of the beam with a cathode ray tube (CRT).
To sweep the CRT beam, a polling frequency of 1920 Hz is used, which ensures that the position of the electron beam on the CRT screen matches the polling of a specific channel. So, for example, with each poll of the first channel, the electron beam is always in sector 1 (Fig. 2), with a poll of the second channel - in sector 2, etc. If the input of the channel receives a pulse reflected from the target that exceeds the interference level, then when polling this channel at the output of the electronic switch connected to the input of the amplitude selector (CA), the voltage will exceed the set threshold and the CA unit will output a standard by the amplitude of the impulse.
Amplified by the video amplifier, this pulse is fed to the CRT modulator and illuminates the screen in the place where the electron beam is located at the moment the signal arrives (Figure 4).
Since the hydroacoustic system is oriented relative to the ship, and the sending of probing pulses is synchronized with the beginning of the CRT beam sweep, the position of the brightness mark on the screen determines the coordinates of the target relative to the ship in terms of distance and heading angle.
Considering that the level of reverberation interference and signals at the beginning of the cycle is very high and gradually decreases, and the high-frequency amplifier (UHF with AGC) is not able to completely equalize the signal level over the distance. The switch block automatically adjusts the level quantization (bottom limit threshold) by groups (8 channels each) of channels, and the amplitude selector threshold has an additional temporary automatic adjustment (VAGC), which ensures a gradual decrease in the threshold from the beginning of the cycle to the end. The TVG control signals come from the BU-2 block synchronously with the signals for the beginning of the sweep and sending probing pulses. From the amplitude selector, the signals simultaneously enter the IE block of the remote indicator (instrument 6), the operation of which is synchronized by the BU-2 unit of the device 4 using synchronization blocks (BS) in the devices 4 and 6, due to which the signals entering the main indicator are duplicated on the screen of the remote indicator. indicator.
The shaper of the electronic sight (FEV), located in the electronic pickup unit (SE) of the device 4, controlled by the BU-2 unit, generates a pulse with a filling frequency of 1920 Hz, fed to the VUO and then to the CRT, forming an electronic sight on the screen (see Fig.5 ).
The value of the electronic sight is proportional to the duration of this pulse and is changed by a precision potentiometer (PT), the scale of which is graduated in distance units. The direction of the electronic sight is set by changing the phase of the filling voltage by a phase shifter (PV), the scale of which is graduated in heading angles.
Thus, by changing the position of the phase shifter and the precision potentiometer, it is possible to set the end of the line of the electronic sight to any point on the screen, and to determine the coordinates of this point using the corresponding scales (of the SE unit). From the SE unit, the signal that forms the electronic sight is transmitted in parallel to the IE unit of the remote indicator, where it acts as an indicator of the location of the target detected by the operator. The target coordinates on the remote indicator are determined by the scale printed on the screen.
The simulation block (BI) in the device 6 generates pulses with a duration of 20-50 μs with an adjustable repetition rate equal to . Entering the IE units of devices 4 and 6, the pulses illuminate the screen (brightness mark), similar to the mark from the target.
The difference between the sweep period (Traz.) and the repetition period of the simulating - (Timp.) gives a change in the position of the brightness mark along the radius (distance).
Changing the phase of this signal with a phase shifter makes it possible to move the brightness mark imitating the target to any sector of the screen.
When two stations (bow and aft) are installed on one ship and the need for their simultaneous operation, the synchronization units of the instruments 6 of these stations are interconnected, which achieves synchronization of sending probing pulses and reducing the interfering effect of probing pulses and reverberation of one station to another.
6. Station map contains elements of built-in control and signaling, allowing you to control the performance of devices 1, 2, 5.
If device 1 is leaking or one of the power supplies of device 5 fails, the signal lamps DEVICE TROUBLE 1.5, located on the front panel of device 4, will light up, and an audible alarm will sound.
In the event of a decrease in radiation power, the radiation control unit of device 2 generates a signal that enters device 4. At the same time, the signal lamp TROUBLE OF DEVICE 2 lights up on the front panel of device 4 and an audible alarm is activated.
7. Monitoring the health of receiving channels is made by the presence at the end of the sweep of the brightness control marks in the "300-400 m" position of the RANGES switch.
With a decrease in the gain or failure of one or more high-frequency amplifiers (UHF), there are no corresponding control marks on the screen of the cathode-ray tube of the main indicator (device 4).
8. Simultaneous operation of two MG-7 GAS is ensured on one ship with the spacing of hydroacoustic antennas by 70-150 m.
Simultaneous operation of the GAS MG-7 with other stations and systems is not provided.
9. The main tactical characteristics of the GAS MG-7 are shown in Table. 2.
10. The main technical characteristics of the GAS MG-7 are given in Table. 3.
11. Combat crew GAS MG-7 - non-standard. Personnel of the RTS who have studied its structure and passed tests for admission to independent watchkeeping at the station are allowed to service and keep a watch on the GAS MG-7.
table 2
MAIN TACTICAL CHARACTERISTICS GUS MG-7
Characteristics Numerical
meaning
Average detection range of PDSS, m:
Midget Submarine 200
Underwater vehicles 150
Underwater saboteur 120
Field of view in the horizontal plane, (°) 360
Depth of viewed circular zone 20
RMS determination error
target coordinates:
By distance, % scale 3
Heading angle, ° 3
Resolution:
By distance, m 10
Heading angle, ° 15
Working depth of device installation 1, m 10
Time to bring the station on alert (min) 25
Time of continuous operation, h 24
Note. Average detection range of PDSS with the probability of correct detection 0.9; sea state not more than 3 points; sea depth not less than 20 m; the reduced level of noise interference is not more than 0.02 Pa.
Table 3. MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS MG-7
Characteristics Numerical
meaning
Probing pulse duration, ms 0.5
Structure of the probe pulse Rectangular
with high frequency
filling
Hydroacoustic directivity characteristic
tic antenna, °:
a) radiation mode:
Horizontal 360
Vertical 3
b) receive mode:
In the horizontal plane 32 XH by 12
Vertical 12
Range scales, m 0-100
Power consumption from mains 220/380 V 50 Hz (W) 800
Operating time of the station before the average repair, h 5000
Conditions for normal operation:
Ambient temperature, °С 0-40
Relative humidity at up to 98
temperature 20-25 °С, %
Sea waves, points up to 3
a set of schematically and structurally related acoustic, electrical and electronic devices and devices, with the help of which the reception or emission or reception and emission of acoustic vibrations in water is performed.
Distinguish G. with. only receiving acoustic energy (passive action) and receiving and emitting (active action). G. s. passive action [Noise Finder ( rice. one , a), G. s. reconnaissance, sound measuring station, etc.] are used to detect and determine the direction (bearing) to a noisy object (a moving ship, active GS, etc.) from the acoustic signals (noise) created by the object, as well as for listening, analyzing and classification of received signals. Passive G. with. have a secrecy of action: their work cannot be detected. G. s. active action [Sonar ( rice. one , b), fish finder, echo sounder, etc.] are used to detect, determine the direction and distance to an object completely or partially submerged in water (submarine, surface ship, iceberg, school of fish, seabed, etc.). This is achieved by sending short-term acoustic impulse signals in a certain or in all directions and receiving (during a pause between their sendings) after reflection from the object. Active G. with. capable of detecting both noisy and non-noisy objects, moving and stationary, but they can be detected and direction-finding by radiation, which is some of their disadvantage. To active G. of page. also include underwater sound communication stations, hydroacoustic beacons, hydroacoustic logs, echometers, and other acoustic stations and instruments. For more information on direction finding and positioning methods, see Art. Hydroacoustics and Hydrolocation.
The main parts of passive G. with. are: acoustic system (antenna), compensator, amplifier, indicator device. In addition, an active G. s. also has a generator and a switching device, or a "reception - transmission" switch.
Acoustic system H. with. It is made up of many electro-acoustic transducers (hydrophones - for receiving HS, vibrators - for receiving HS) to create the necessary directional characteristic of reception and radiation. The transducers are placed (depending on the type and purpose of the gyroscope) under the bottom of the ship on a rotary-retractable device or in a stationary fairing that is permeable to acoustic vibrations; they are built into the outer skin of the ship; supporting structure at the bottom of the sea. The compensator introduces into the alternating currents flowing in the electrical circuits of hydrophones separated from each other, a phase shift equivalent to the difference in the time of arrival of acoustic oscillations to these hydrophones. The numerical values of these shifts show the angle between the axis of the directional characteristic of a fixed acoustic system and the direction to the object. After amplification, electrical signals are fed to an indicator device (telephone or cathode ray tube) to fix the direction to a noisy object. Active G.'s generator with. creates short-term electrical impulse signals, which are then emitted by vibrators in the form of acoustic vibrations. In the pauses between them, the signals reflected from the objects are received by the same vibrators, which for this time are connected by the "reception-transmission" switch to the amplifier of electrical oscillations. The distance to objects is determined on the indicator device by the delay time of the reflected signal relative to the direct (radiated) signal.
G. s., depending on their type and purpose, operate at frequencies of the infrasonic, sound and (more often) ultrasonic ranges (from tens Hz up to hundreds kHz), radiate power from tens Tue(with continuous generation) up to hundreds kW(in a pulse), have a direction finding accuracy from units to fractions of a degree, depending on the direction finding method (maximum, phase, amplitude-phase), the sharpness of the directivity characteristic due to the frequency and size of the acoustic system, and the display method. Range of G.'s action with. ranges from hundreds of meters to tens or more km and mainly depends on the parameters of the station, reflecting the properties of the object (the strength of the target) or the level of its noise radiation, as well as on the physical phenomena of the propagation of sound vibrations in water (refraction and reverberation) and on the level of interference with the work of the hydrometer created by the movement of its ship.
G. s. installed on submarines, military surface ships ( rice. 2 ), helicopters, on coastal facilities for solving problems of anti-submarine defense, searching for the enemy, communicating submarines with each other and with surface ships, generating data for launching missile torpedoes and torpedoes, navigation safety, etc. On transport, fishing and research ships G . from. They are used for navigation purposes, search for fish concentrations, oceanographic and hydrological work, communications with divers, and other purposes.
Lit.: Karlov L. B., Shoshkov E. N., Hydroacoustics in military affairs, M., 1963; Prostakov A.L., Hydroacoustics in foreign fleets, L., 1964; his, Hydroacoustics and ship, L., 1967; Krasnov V.N., Location from a submarine, M., 1968; Horton J., Fundamentals of sonar, trans. from English, L., 1961.
S. A. Barchenkov.
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Dictionary of military terms
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Dictionary of military terms
- - complex acoustic, electric and electronic devices for emitting or receiving sound vibrations in water. Distinguish G. with. passive, only receiving vibrations, and active, radiating and receiving vibrations ...
Big encyclopedic polytechnic dictionary
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Marine vocabulary
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Marine vocabulary
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Marine vocabulary
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Marine vocabulary
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Marine vocabulary
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Marine vocabulary
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Official terminology
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Official terminology
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Official terminology
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Great Soviet Encyclopedia
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Currently, the Research Institute "RIF-ACVAAPARAT" offers a variant of the MG-747M sonar with improved technical and weight and size characteristics, designed to protect against underwater saboteurs of surface ships and such vital facilities as trade ports, naval bases, oil platforms, dams hydroelectric power plants and other offshore structures.
The station was developed using modern technical solutions and a new element base, mainly manufactured by the CIS countries.
Main tactical and technical characteristics:
1. The station provides detection of sabotage forces moving at a speed of up to 6 knots at a depth of 1-40 m from the sea surface with a sea depth of at least 15 m at the ship’s parking lot with sea waves up to 3 points and non-limiting hydrological conditions.
2. Detection range with a probability of 0.8 - 0.9
single underwater saboteurs 350 - 500 m
underwater saboteurs on vehicles 400 - 550 m
midget submarines 700 - 1000 m
3. RMS instrumental error:
by distance 2%
heading angle 2°
4. 360° field of view
5. Provided:
automatic target detection and classification;
automatic output of target coordinates in real time.
6. Composition:
hydroacoustic antenna;
central processor and remote indicator;
power unit;
remote loudspeaker.
7. Weight:
hydroacoustic antenna - 230 kg;
hardware - 66.2 kg.
