Channels of social mobility in my parents' careers. social mobility

The term "social mobility" was introduced into sociology in 1927 by P. Sorokin. He also distinguished between vertical (rising - social rise, upward movement /increase in knowledge, in position, turning an idea into a dominant one, approval of fashion /, and falling - social descent - downward movement /deprivation of status, degradation, bankruptcy/) mobility associated with the transition from one layer to another, and horizontal, in which movements occur within one layer, and the status and prestige of the position do not change. This type of mobility may be associated with a change in place of residence (migration), a transition to another religious group, etc.

The totality of social movements of people in O, i.e. changes in one's status is called social mobility.

Movement up and down is called vertical mobility, it can be of 2 types: downward (social descent, downward movement) and upward (social rise).

Horizontal mobility is the transition of an individual from one social group to another, located on the same level (eg, change of citizenship, movement from Orthodox to Catholic religion). A kind of horizontal mobility is the geographer mobility: moving from one place to another while maintaining the same status (international and interregional tourism). If a change of status is added to a change of place, then the geographer turns into migration (moving from a village to a city to a permanent place of residence).

Classification of social mobility can be carried out according to other criteria. So, for example, they distinguish between individual mobility, when movements down, up, or horizontally occur among the ind, independently of others, and group mobility, when movements occur collectively, for example, after the social revolution, the old ruling class yields its position to the new Mr. class.

Individual mob-ty factors include: social status of the family, ur image, nationality, place of residence.

Vertical mobility channels:

The army functions as a channel not in peacetime, but in wartime. In wartime, soldiers advance through talent and bravery. As they rise in rank, they use the power they gain as a channel for further advancement and the accumulation of wealth. They have the opportunity to loot, rob, capture.

The Church as a channel of social mobility has moved a large number of people from the bottom to the top of society. P. Sorokin studied the biographies of 144 Roman Catholic popes and found that 28 came from the lower classes, and 27 from the middle strata.

The school as an institution of education and upbringing, no matter what specific form it takes, has served in all ages as a powerful channel of social mobility. Large competitions for colleges and universities in many countries are explained by the fact that education is the fastest and most accessible channel of vertical mobility.

Property most clearly manifests itself in the form of accumulated wealth and money. P. Sorokin established that not all, but only some occupations and professions contribute to the accumulation of wealth. According to his calculations, in 29% of cases this allows the occupation of a manufacturer, in 21% - a banker and a stockbroker, in 12% - a merchant. The professions of artists, artists, inventors, statesmen and the like do not provide such opportunities.

Family and marriage are channels of vertical mobility in the event that representatives of different social statuses enter the union. For example, an example of such mobility can be seen in Antiquity. According to Roman law, a free woman who marries a slave becomes a slave herself and loses the status of a free citizen. 31.Social progress and regress. Anomie.

The concept of development is applied to the processes of improvement, improvement, complication.

The result of the process of social development are new quantitative and qualitative components of a social object, which can be expressed in an increase (decrease) in its level. Progress is usually understood as the improvement of the social structure of society and the cultural life of a person. It presupposes such an orientation of social and all social development, which is characterized by a transition from lower forms to higher ones, from less perfect ones to more perfect ones. Here it is important to note such components as the improvement of working conditions, the acquisition by the human person of greater freedom, political and social rights, the complication of the tasks facing society. The total set of social changes on a historical scale from primitive to modern society can be characterized as progressive development. Although, of course, it is very difficult to find any universal theoretical, scientific formula for such a development. There are areas to which the concept of progress (as the transition from simple to complex) does not apply. This is the area of art as a social institution, religion. There are areas that can definitely be attributed to progress: technology, technology.

There is the concept of "regression", in its direction opposite to progress.

Anomie (from French anomie - lawlessness, normlessness) (other Greek ἀ- - negative prefix, νόμος - law) - a concept introduced into scientific circulation by Emile Durkheim to explain deviant behavior (suicidal moods, apathy, disappointment, illegal behavior ). According to Durkheim, anomie is a state of society in which decomposition, disintegration and disintegration of the system of values and norms that guarantee social order occur. A necessary condition for the emergence of anomie in society is the discrepancy between the needs and interests of some of its members, on the one hand, and the possibilities of satisfying them, on the other. It manifests itself in the form of the following violations:

vagueness, instability and inconsistency of value-normative prescriptions and orientations, in particular, the discrepancy between the norms that define the goals of activity and the norms that regulate the means of achieving them;

low degree of influence of social norms on individuals and their weak effectiveness as a means of normative regulation of behavior;

partial or complete absence of normative regulation in crisis, transitional situations, when the old system of values is destroyed, and the new one has not developed or has not established itself as generally accepted.

How, within the framework of differing stability social structure society, there is social mobility, that is, the movement of individuals along this very social structure? It is obvious that such a movement within the framework of a complexly organized system cannot occur spontaneously, disorganized, chaotically. Unorganized, spontaneous movements are possible only during periods of social instability, when the social structure is shattered, loses stability, and collapses. In a stable social structure, significant movements of individuals occur in strict accordance with a developed system of rules for such movements (stratification system). In order to change his status, an individual most often must not only have the desire to do so, but also receive approval from the social environment. Only in this case is a real change in status possible, which will mean a change by the individual of his position within the framework of the social structure of society. So, if a boy or girl decides to become students of a certain university (acquire the status of a student), then their desire will be only the first step towards the status of a student of this university. Obviously, in addition to personal aspirations, it is also important that the applicant meets the requirements that apply to everyone who has expressed a desire to study in this specialty. Only after confirmation of such compliance (for example, during entrance exams) does the applicant achieve the assignment of the desired status to him - the applicant becomes a student.
In modern society, whose social structure is highly complex and institutionalized, most social movements are associated with certain social institutions. That is, most statuses exist and have meaning only within the framework of specific social institutions. The status of a student or teacher cannot exist in isolation from the institution of education; the status of a doctor or a patient - in isolation from the Institute of Public Health; Candidate or Doctor of Science statuses are outside the Institute of Science. This gives rise to the idea of social institutions as a kind of social spaces within which most of the changes in status occur. Such spaces are called channels of social mobility.
In the strict sense, under channel of social mobility refers to such social structures, mechanisms, methods that can be used to implement social mobility. As mentioned above, in modern society, social institutions most often act as such channels. The organs of political power, political parties, public organizations, economic structures, professional labor organizations and unions, the army, the church, the education system, family and clan ties are of primary importance. Of great importance today are the structures of organized crime, which have their own system of mobility, but often have a strong influence on the "official" channels of mobility (for example, corruption).

In their totality, the channels of social mobility act as an integral system, complementing, limiting, and stabilizing each other's activities. As a result, we can talk about a universal system of institutional and legal procedures for moving individuals through a stratification structure, which is a complex mechanism of social selection. In the event of any attempt by an individual to improve his social position, that is, to increase his social status, he will be “tested” to one degree or another for compliance with the requirements for the bearer of this status. Such a “test” can be formal (exam, testing), semi-formal (trial period, interview) and informal (the decision is made solely due to the personal inclinations of the testers, but based on their ideas about the desired qualities of the test subject) procedures.
For example, in order to enter a university, you must pass an entrance exam. But in order to be accepted into a new family, you need to go through a long process of getting to know the existing rules, traditions, confirm your loyalty to them, and get the approval of the dominant members of this family. Obviously, in each specific case, there is both a formal need to meet certain requirements (level of knowledge, special training, physical data), and a subjective assessment of the individual's efforts on the part of the examiners. Depending on the situation, either the first or the second component is more important.

Social ties: concept, structure, types.

Individuals, carrying out their actions, enter into connections (relationships) and relationships (relationships) among themselves. social connection- these are the actions of people, taking into account the possible actions of other people. In another way, it is called interaction. Social connection is due to the collectivity of human life, the dependence of people on each other. It can be expressed as follows: “I depend on others when the objects, goods, conditions that I require are at the disposal of others. And vice versa". For example, I get on the bus, pay the fare, and the driver takes me along the designated route.

Main elements social connection are: 1) different people (for example, passengers and drivers) with their motivational mechanisms (needs, values, norms, beliefs, roles); 2) situations of social connection (objects, money, power, law, statuses of people, etc.); 3) concerted actions, the performance of roles (for example, passengers and drivers), the result (the benefit received and the satisfaction or dissatisfaction associated with it) of people. Thus, a social connection is a connection between the actions of people in a certain situation, prompted by some needs, motives, incentives (Scheme 1).

Depending on time and frequency, social connection is divided into (1) random and 2) necessary (sustainable). This affects the nature of the regulation of the social degree of obligation and the responsibility of its participants. You behave differently with your bus neighbor than you do with your housemate. With the latter, you behave more necessarily, i.e. with. taking into account all the various motivations for relationships, since the neighbor's attitude towards you is largely determined by your attitude towards him.

Social bonding can be formal or informal. informal communication is characterized by the absence of subordination, the natural division of its participants according to statuses and roles, expressing their needs, values, norms, beliefs embodied in traditions. Such a social connection is characteristic of a traditional (agrarian) society, family and kinship ties. Within its framework, the participants are not regulated by legal and administrative norms, there is no governing body or leader in it. Such is also a friendly conversation, scientific discussion, artel work, etc.

Formal communication presupposes legal and administrative norms for its regulation; it divides those participating in it into statuses and roles subordinating them. In such a social connection there is a governing body that develops norms, organizes people, controls the implementation of instructions, etc. Such a body can be, for example, a church or a state. Formally impersonal connection is the basis of industrial society (in particular, capitalist and Soviet).

Exchange (according to D. Houmans) is a form of social connection in which people interact based on their experience, weigh possible profits and costs. The exchange occurs during the purchase and sale, the provision of services to each other, etc.

Conflict is a form of social connection, which is a struggle of opposite motives (intrapersonal), people (interpersonal), social formations - social institutions, organizations, communities (social).

Competition is a form of social bond in which people compete for profitable terms work and sales of goods, for political programs and power, for new ideas and organizations. As a rule, it is carried out within the framework of moral and legal rules, it is a source of wealth (according to A. Smith), it is a process of cognition, learning and discovery of new knowledge, as well as new goods, markets, technologies (according to F. Hayek).

Cooperation is a form of social connection when the statuses, roles, actions of people are clearly coordinated: for example, in a family, at a factory, in a store, etc. In cooperation, social connection takes the form of a social institution and organization, i.e., it is a system of stable , direct and indirect, formal and informal social ties. Cooperation can be forced (administrative) and voluntary (democratic). Social cooperation is characterized by the social capital of its participants, which is a set of such informal values and norms as truthfulness, honesty (fulfillment of obligations), cooperation.

Social connection (exchange, competition, conflict, cooperation) can be demographic, economic, political, spiritual, etc. depending on the subject, nature and subject of communication. For example: the subject of economic interaction is an economic good (money, profit, wealth, cost, shares, etc.); interaction is financial and economic in nature, involves certain knowledge, actions, experience; the economic subject has an economic need, motive, value orientation, which encourages him to economic interaction.

Social interaction: social contacts and social action. The main theories of social interaction: M. Weber about the types and types of social action, T. Parsons about the system of social action.

The essence of social action. For the first time in sociology, the concept of "social action" was introduced and scientifically substantiated by Max Weber. He called social action “the action of a person (regardless of whether it is external or internal, whether it comes down to non-intervention or patient acceptance), which, according to the meaning assumed by the actor or actors, correlates with the action of other people or focuses on him”

Any social action is preceded by social contacts, but in contrast to them, social action is a rather complex phenomenon. Any social action must include: 1. the actor; 2. the need to activate behavior; 3. the purpose of the action; 4. method of action; 5. another actor to whom the action is directed; 6. result of action.

Under social interaction is understood as a system of interdependent social actions connected by a cyclic causal dependence, in which the actions of one subject are both the cause and effect of the response actions of other subjects. This means that each social action is caused by the previous social action and at the same time is the cause of subsequent actions. Thus, social actions are links in an unbreakable chain called interaction. Communicating with friends, work colleagues, relatives, a person constantly carries out social interactions, which are even more diverse in forms of manifestation than social actions.

Parsons went on to develop Weber's theory of social action. He considers the subject of sociology system of (social) action, which, unlike social action (the action of an individual), includes the organized activities of many people. The action system includes subsystems that perform interrelated functions: 1) social subsystem (a group of people) - the function of integrating people; 2) cultural subsystem - reproduction of a pattern of behavior used by a group of people; 3) personal subsystem - goal achievement; 4) behavioral organism - the function of adaptation to the external environment.

The subsystems of the system of social action differ functionally, having the same structure. Social subsystem deals with the integration of the behavior of people and social groups. Societies (family, village, city, country, etc.) act as varieties of social subsystems. cultural(religious, artistic, scientific) subsystem is engaged in the production of spiritual (cultural) values - symbolic meanings that people, organized into social subsystems, realize in their behavior. Cultural (religious, moral, scientific, etc.) meanings guide human activity (give it meaning). For example, a person rises to the attack, risking his life, for the sake of defending his homeland. Personal the subsystem realizes its needs, interests, goals in the process of some activity in order to satisfy these needs, interests, achieve goals. Personality is the main executor and regulator of action processes (sequences of some operations). behavioral organism is a subsystem of social action, including human brain, organs of human movement, capable of physically influencing the natural environment, adapting it to the needs of people. Parsons emphasizes that all of the listed subsystems of social action are "ideal types", abstract concepts that do not exist in reality. Hence the well-known difficulty in interpreting and understanding T. Parsons.

Ideal types of social actions according to Weber


Type	Target	Facilities	general characteristics
goal-oriented	Understand clearly and distinctly. The consequences are anticipated and assessed	Adequate (appropriate)	Completely rational. Assumes a rational calculation of the reaction of the environment
value-rational	The action itself (as an independent value)	Adequate to a given goal	Rationality can be limited - irrationality of a given value (ritual; etiquette; dueling code)
Traditional	Minimal goal setting (goal awareness)	Habitual	Automatic response to familiar stimuli
affective	Not conscious	Henchmen	The desire for immediate (or as fast as possible) satisfaction of passion, removal of neuro-emotional stress

Social mobility, its types and factors. Channels of vertical mobility.

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The concept of social mobility means the movement of individuals (sometimes groups) between different positions in the hierarchy of social stratification, associated with a change in their status.

According to the definition of P. Sorokin, “social mobility is understood as any transition of an individual ... from one social position to another”, There is two main types social mobility - m intergenerational and intragenerational, as well as two main types - vertical and horizontal. They, in turn, fall into subspecies and subtypes that are closely related to each other.

Intergenerational mobility assumes that children reach the highest social position or fall to a lower position than their parents. Example: A worker's son becomes a professor.

Intragenerational mobility takes place where the same individual changes social positions several times throughout his life. Otherwise, it is called a social career. Example: a turner becomes an engineer, and then a shop manager, a factory director, a minister.

Vertical mobility implies a movement from one stratum (estate, class, caste) to another.

Depending on the direction of movement, there is upward mobility(social uplift) and downward mobility(social descent, downward movement).

Promotion is an example of upward mobility, demolition is downward mobility.

Horizontal mobility implies the transition of an individual from one social group to another located on the same level.

An example is the movement of one work collective to another, from one citizenship to another, from one family (parental) to another (one's own, newly formed), from one profession to another. Such movements occur without a noticeable change in social position in the vertical direction.

Geographical mobility is a type of horizontal mobility. physical mobility.

It does not imply a change in status or group, but a movement from one place to another while maintaining the same status.

An example is international and interregional tourism, moving from the city to the village and back.

If a change of status is added to a change of place, then geographic mobility becomes migration.

If a villager comes to the city to visit relatives, then this is geographic mobility. If he moved to the city permanent place residence and found a job here, then this is already migration. He changed his profession.

You can classify social mobility according to other criteria. So, for example, they distinguish:

individual mobility, when movements down, up or horizontally occur in one person independently of others;

group mobility, when movements take place collectively, for example, after a social revolution, the old class cedes its dominant positions to the new class.

To the factors of individual mobility, i.e., the reasons that allow one person to achieve greater success than another, sociologists include:

the social status of the family;

level of education;

nationality;

physical and mental abilities, external data;

getting educated;

location;

profitable marriage.

Mobile individuals begin socialization in one class and end in another. They are literally torn between dissimilar cultures and lifestyles. They do not know how to behave, dress, talk in terms of the standards of another class. Often adaptation to new conditions remains very superficial.

group mobility occurs when the social significance of an entire class, estate, or caste rises or falls.

As Sorokin showed on a huge historical material, the following factors served as the reasons for group mobility:

social revolutions;

foreign interventions, invasions;

interstate wars;

civil wars;

swarm coups;

change of political regimes;

replacing the old constitution with a new one;

peasant uprisings;

internecine war of aristocratic families;

creation of an empire.

Group mobility takes place where there is a change in the very system of stratification.

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Social mobility, its types and channels

social mobility It is an opportunity to change the social stratum. Social mobility can be high or low. The United States of America can serve as an example of high social mobility, and India can serve as an example of low social mobility. The concept of social mobility is close in meaning to the concept of social mobility.

social mobility- change by an individual or group of the place occupied in the social structure, moving from one social stratum (class, group) to another (vertical mobility) or within the same social stratum (horizontal mobility).

Social mobility and its channels

Sharply limited in a caste and class society, social mobility increases significantly in an industrial society.

Types of social mobility

Vertical - moving from one stratum (estate, class) to another.
Horizontal - the transition of an individual from one social group to another, located on the same level (For example: moving from an Orthodox to a Catholic religious group, from one citizenship to another). Such movements occur without a noticeable change in social position in the vertical direction.
Organized - the movement of a person or entire groups up, down or horizontally is controlled by the state with the consent of the people themselves or without their consent.
Structural - change in the structure of the national economy. It occurs in addition to the will and consciousness of individual individuals.
Rising - social uplift, upward movement (For example: promotion).
descending - social descent, downward movement (For example: demotion).
Geographically i - moving from one place to another while maintaining the same status (For example: international and interregional tourism, moving from city to village and back).
Intergenerational - comparative change in social status among different generations (For example: the son of a worker becomes president).
Intragenerational mobility (social career) - a change in status within one generation (For example: a turner becomes an engineer, then a shop manager, then a factory director).

Channels of social mobility

Since upward mobility is present to varying degrees in any society, there are certain paths, or channels, through which individuals are able to most effectively move up or down the social ladder. They are called channels of social mobility or social lift.

The most important channels of social mobility, according to P. Sorokin, are:

u church,

ü political, economic and professional organizations.

Factors of social mobility on at the micro level are directly the social environment of the individual, as well as his total life resource, and at the macro level - the state of the economy, the level of scientific and technological development, the nature of the political regime, the prevailing system of stratification, the nature of natural conditions, etc.

Social mobility is measured by indicators:

scope of mobility - the number of individuals or social strata that have moved up the social ladder in a vertical direction in a certain period of time,
mobility distance - the number of steps that an individual or group managed to climb or descend.

However, in order to completely change the social status of the individual, the problem of entering a new subculture of a group with a higher status often arises, as well as the related problem of interactions with representatives of the new social environment. To overcome the cultural barrier and the barrier of communication, there are several ways that, one way or another, resort to individuals in the process of social mobility.

Types and channels of social mobility

The beginning of the study of social mobility is associated with the name of P. Sorokin (1927 "Social mobility"). According to Sorokin, social mobility is understood as any transition of an individual or a social object (values, directions), i.e. everything that is created or modified by human activity, from one social position to another.

There are the following types of mobility:

1) horizontal and vertical.

Horizontal mobility is the movement of an individual or a social object from one social group to another, located at the same level (for example, a change of confession, family, views). Vertical mobility is movement from one social stratum to another. Depending on the direction of vertical mobility, there are:

a) upward mobility (social rise, increase in social status)

b) descending (lowering social status).

2) individual and group.

3) intergenerational (intergenerational mobility - a change in the position of the individual in comparison with the position of the parents) and intragenerational (intragenerational - a change in the position of the individual compared to his own previous position).

4) organized - vertical and horizontal movement, controlled by the state). May be voluntary or involuntary.

5) structural - displacement caused by changes in the economy and occurring against the will and consciousness of individuals and groups.

Channels of social mobility

The accessibility of pathways for social mobility depends both on the individual and on the structure of the society in which he lives. Individual ability matters little if society allocates rewards based on prescribed roles. On the other hand, an open society does little to help the individual who is not prepared to fight for promotion to higher statuses.

In some societies, young people's ambitions may find one or two possible channels of mobility open to them. At the same time, in other societies, youth can take a hundred ways to achieve higher status. Some ways to achieve a higher status may be closed due to ethnic or social-caste discrimination, others due to the fact that an individual, due to individual characteristics, is simply not able to use his talents.

However, in order to completely change social status, individuals often face the problem of entering a new subculture of a group with a higher status, as well as the related problem of interactions with representatives of a new social environment. To overcome the cultural barrier and the barrier of communication, there are several ways that individuals in one way or another resort to in the process of social mobility.

1. Lifestyle change.

It's unclear?

It is not enough just to earn and spend big money in the case when the individual has caught up in income with representatives of a higher social stratum. To assimilate a new status level, he needs to accept a new material standard corresponding to this level. Setting up an apartment, buying books, TV, cars, etc. - everything must correspond to a new, higher status. Material everyday culture is not a very noticeable, but a very significant way of joining a higher status level. But the material way of life is only one of the moments of familiarization with a new status, and in itself, without changing other components of culture, means little.

2. Development of typical status behavior. A person oriented towards vertical mobility will not be accepted into a higher social class stratum until he has assimilated the patterns of behavior of this stratum to such an extent that he can follow them without any effort. Clothing patterns, verbal expressions, leisure activities, manner of communication - all this is being revised and should become the usual and only possible type of behavior. Children are often prepared specifically for high-class behavior by teaching them music, dance, and good manners. True, not all aspects of the subculture of a social stratum or group can be mastered as a result of deliberate training and conscious imitation, but such efforts can accelerate the process of acceptance by an individual of a subculture of a higher social stratum.

3. Change in the social environment. This method is based on establishing contacts with individuals and associations of the status soybean into which the mobile individual is socialized. The ideal condition for entering a new layer is the position? when an individual is completely surrounded by representatives of the layer where he seeks to get. In this case, the subculture is mastered very quickly. However, the positive aspect of networking is always that a new acquaintance can create a favorable social

opinion in favor of a newbie.

4. Marriage with a representative of a higher status stratum. At all times, such a marriage has served best remedy overcoming barriers that stand in the way of social mobility. First, it can greatly contribute to the manifestation of talents if it gives material well-being. Secondly, it provides the individual with the opportunity to quickly rise, often bypassing several status levels. Third, marriage to a representative or

representative of a higher status to a large extent solves the problems of the social environment and the rapid development of culture samples of the highest status layer. This kind of marriage allowed people to overcome the most difficult social barriers in a caste society, as well as penetrate into the elite strata. But such a marriage can be useful only if an individual from a lower status stratum is prepared for the rapid assimilation of new patterns of behavior and lifestyle of a new social environment for him, if he cannot quickly assimilate new cultural statuses and standards, then this marriage is nothing will, since representatives of the highest status stratum will not consider the individual "their own".

There are the following types of mobility:

1) horizontal and vertical.

a) upward mobility (social rise, increase in social status)

b) descending (lowering social status).

2) individual and group.

4) organized - vertical and horizontal movement, controlled by the state). May be voluntary or involuntary.

5) structural - displacement caused by changes in the economy and occurring against the will and consciousness of individuals and groups.

Channels of social mobility

1. Lifestyle change. It is not enough just to earn and spend big money in the case when the individual has caught up in income with representatives of a higher social stratum. To assimilate a new status level, he needs to accept a new material standard corresponding to this level. Setting up an apartment, buying books, TV, cars, etc. - everything must correspond to a new, higher status. Material everyday culture is not a very noticeable, but very significant way of joining a higher status level. But the material way of life is only one of the moments of familiarization with a new status, and in itself, without changing other components of culture, means little.

opinion in favor of a newbie.

4. Marriage with a representative of a higher status stratum. At all times, such a marriage has served as the best means of overcoming the barriers that stand in the way of social mobility. First, it can greatly contribute to the manifestation of talents if it gives material well-being. Secondly, it provides the individual with the opportunity to quickly rise, often bypassing several status levels. Third, marriage to a representative or

The factors of social mobility are, firstly, the maturation of the individual. For example, a child, a priori, will change his status over time, leaving the range of duties and rights that belonged to him as an immature individual. In the same way an old man, going out of bounds age restrictions, changes his status as a worker to a pensioner.

Second, note the vertical mobility resulting from this change in status, which can occur in both an upward and downward trajectory.

Factors of social mobility of this type are the following: an increase in the level of education of the individual (for example, obtaining a diploma), a change of job due to the accumulation of experience (for example, obtaining a higher professional category, military rank), job loss or demotion (for example, in connection with labor violations or in connection with violations of the law by the administrative bodies of the enterprise - dismissal due to pregnancy or disability), getting into "places not so remote", loss of ability to work.

Horizontal mobility is called a change by an individual within the same (change of residence, religion, work in the same status, and more).

When discussing mobility, it should be noted that the movement of an individual in society has a certain conditionality. Chaotic mobility takes place only with an unstable social structure, in connection with turning points in history or during an economic crisis. With a stable structure of society, a change in the status of an individual can occur only with the approval of the social environment, through certain channels.

In a broad sense, channels of social mobility are social structures, methods and mechanisms used by an individual in order to be able to move from one social status to another.

I.e educational establishments in which a citizen can receive an education that gives him the right to occupy a higher position - these are channels of social mobility. This also includes political parties and political authorities, economic structures and public organizations, the army and the Church, family and clan ties, and trade unions.

It should also be noted that organized crime structures are also channels of social mobility, since they themselves have their own internal mobility system and, moreover, often have a rather tangible influence on “official” channels.

Considering the fact that the channels of social mobility work as an integral social system, we can say that its structure consists of many institutional and legal procedures that may or may not allow the movement of an individual.

Such can be called examination commissions, guardianship authorities, district administrations, housing commissions, military registration and enlistment office, court and others. If a person wants to climb the vertical status ladder, he needs to pass a certain “testing”, which will show whether this individual corresponds to the new status he wants.

For example, you should submit the necessary documents to the housing commission, upon receipt of a diploma - undergo training and pass final exams, when applying for a job - pass an interview.

The term social mobility refers to the totality of movements within the social structure of society.

Social mobility - it is any transition of an individual or group from one social position to another.

For the first time, Pitirim Sorokin turned to the analysis of social mobility.

There are many forms of social mobility:

v Vertical and horizontal. Vertical mobility is a change in the position of an individual, which causes an increase or decrease in his social status. For example, career advancement. Horizontal mobility is a change in social position that does not lead to an increase or decrease in social status. For example, change of marital status, place of residence.

v Intergenerational and intragenerational. Intergenerational mobility is determined by comparing the social status of parents and their children at a certain point in the career of both (for example, by the rank of their profession at approximately the same age). Intragenerational mobility involves comparing the social status of an individual over a long period of time.

v Individual and group. The following regularity is connected with the identification of these forms of mobility: in a society where the main importance is attached to the assigned status, there is a tendency towards group mobility, in an open society characterized by the predominance of achieved statuses, towards individual mobility.

For a quantitative study of social mobility, indicators such as:

Speed- vertical social distance or the number of layers - economic, political, professional - passed by an individual in his upward or downward movement for a certain period of time.

Volume- the number of individuals who have changed their social position in the vertical or horizontal directions for a certain period of time.

The ways and mechanisms by which people rise to the top are called vertical mobility channels. The most famous channels are army, church, school, family, property.

The army functions as a channel not in peacetime, but in wartime. Large losses among the command staff lead to the filling of vacancies from lower ranks. In wartime, soldiers advance through talent and bravery. Having risen in rank, they use the received power as a channel for further advancement and accumulation of wealth. The Church as a channel of social mobility has moved a large number of people from the bottom to the top of society. The institutions of education and upbringing, no matter what concrete form they take, have served in all ages as a powerful channel of social circulation. Democratic countries refer to societies where schools are available to all its members. Large competitions for colleges and universities in many countries are explained by the fact that education is the fastest and most accessible channel of vertical mobility. Property most clearly manifests itself in the form of accumulated wealth and money. They are one of the simplest and effective ways social promotion. Family and marriage become channels of vertical circulation in the event that representatives of different social statuses enter the union. In European society, the marriage of a poor, but titled partner with a rich, but not noble, was common. As a result, both moved up the social ladder, getting what each wanted.

The intensification of the processes of social mobility in modern societies gives rise to the phenomenon of marginality.