"Remote Abode" Literature "Remote Abode" JOURNEY IN TIME In the memorial apartment of A.S. Pushkin on the Arbat, a thematic evening-meeting was held, the name of which was given by Pushkin's lines: "The abode of distant labors and pure bliss." So the poet spoke of

Long distance communication is the transmission of telephone and other signals over long distances. It is carried out through communication channels that connect stations (nodes) of communication. A communication channel is a set of technical line and station devices through which a variable can be transmitted. electricity telephone, telegraph or other signal.
The telephone channel is organized over the tone frequency channel of the EACC primary network with a bandwidth of 300 to 3400 Hz. When using a physical circuit, the communication range is limited mainly by the amount of signal attenuation. Since the signal power at the output of the microphone of the transmitting telephone is approximately 1 mW, and the telephone of the receiving apparatus provides satisfactory audibility at a power level of 0.001 mW, when telephones are directly connected to the line, the signal reduction should be no more than 1000 times. The communication range is:
on an overhead circuit with copper wires with a diameter of 3-4 mm - 300-500 km;
on an air circuit with steel wires with a diameter of 4-5 mm - 70-90 km;
on a cable chain, with copper conductors with a diameter of 1-1.2 mm - 20-30 km.
The communication range can be increased by reducing the attenuation (for example, by increasing the diameter of the wires), by increasing the level of transmission or reception (turning on amplifiers). Amplifiers that amplify tonal frequencies are called telephone amplifiers. To increase the communication range, intermediate amplifiers are included in the circuit at certain distances. The section of the circuit located between two adjacent intermediate amplifiers, between a transmitter and an amplifier, or between a receiver and an amplifier, is called an amplifying section. The attenuation in each amplifying section is compensated by the gain of the corresponding intermediate amplifier.
When calling, the same telephone set is either a transmitter or a receiver, therefore, in order to transmit information in both directions, it is necessary to have two identical, one-way channels independent of each other. Since the amplifiers amplify the currents in only one direction of transmission, they are connected to the telephone two-wire city circuit using a DS differential system. Telephone - double-acting channel, which consists of two single-acting channels, is shown in fig. 66. Signal transmission in different directions is carried out over two different two-wire physical circuits. Such a telephone channel is called a 1-way 4-wire system channel. The name "single-sideband" means that the transmission in both directions is carried out by currents in the same frequency band.
A two-way telephone cabal can also be organized using one two-wire physical circuit. To do this, it is necessary to install two differential systems and two amplifiers, called duplex amplifiers, in each amplifying point. Such a channel is called a single-way two-wire system channel. Difsystems suppress feedback currents in duplex amplifiers due to the equality of the resistances of the balanced circuits and input resistance corresponding parts of the chain. However, it is not possible to achieve complete suppression of feedback currents, some of them pass from one section of the circuit to another, being amplified by amplifiers. If the total feedback current is large enough, the conditions for self-excitation of any duplex amplifier will be created. To prevent this phenomenon, the number of duplex amplifiers connected in series in the circuit should not exceed five or six, which limits the communication range. Therefore, for communication over long distances, a four-wire channel is used, since it has only one feedback circuit (through the differentials of the final amplifiers) regardless of the number of intermediate amplifiers included in the channel. The disadvantage of a four-wire channel is the need to use four wires instead of two for its organization.

Long distance communication by country

Azerbaijan

Belarus

Georgia

Kazakhstan

Moldavia

Russia

In the law "On Communications", which came into force on January 1, 2004, but actually started working only at the beginning of 2005 (the necessary by-laws were adopted), the Ministry of Information and Communications proposed a horizontal model for liberalizing the long-distance communication market. To obtain an alternative long distance license, the telephone company must build access points (that is, be present) in all regions of Russia.

Carrier Selection Codes

At present, the codes for choosing a telecom operator when choosing the latter, in order to provide subscribers with access to long-distance and international services telephone communication assigned to the following companies:

Dialing order

Since March 1, 2006, the procedure for dialing an intercity or international number has been changed in Russia compared to the old one.

In the old order, long-distance and international calls were made by dialing the number 8 (at telephone exchanges with automatic long-distance communication, that is, at most of them), and the call went through the Rostelecom operator. In the new order, it is not enough to dial "8", you must then select the carrier through which the call will be directed (two-digit number), and then the number. In addition, you can switch to one of the operators on a permanent basis (Pre-Select mode), in this case, the dialing order is old, just through "8", and the telecom operator is the same all the time. Even in this mode, it is possible to make calls through other carriers by simply selecting code 15 after "8" and then following the new pattern.

In some regions, the subscriber can select the Pre-Select mode without visiting the company's office, by calling a special automatic number. This is possible in MGTS companies(Moscow), Dalsvyaz (all subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District), Uralsvyazinform (all subjects of the Urals Federal District), Bashinformsvyaz (Bashkortostan), Tattelekom (Tatarstan).

Alternative operators are campaigning to call subscribers, offering them to switch to their services right during the call - for this, verbal consent and selection through an automatic number are enough. Also, any subscriber can make long-distance calls, each time choosing an operator for this call (Hot-Choice mode).

In mode Pre-Select, when the subscriber makes a choice in favor of one operator and uses only its services, the dialing order is preserved:

• 8-beep-ABC-xxx - for a long-distance call, (where: ABC - area code, xxx - subscriber number)
• 8-beep-10-country code-xxx - for an international call (where: xxx - area code and subscriber number)

In mode Hot Choice the subscriber chooses an operator for each call:

• 8-beep-intercity code of the operator-ABC-xxx - for a long-distance call (where: ABC - area code, xxx - subscriber number)
• 8-beep-international operator code-country code-xxx - for an international call (where: xxx - area code and subscriber number)

• 8-beep-15-universal operator code-8-ABC-xxx - for a long-distance call (where: ABC - area code, xxx - subscriber number)
• 8-beep-15-universal operator code-810-country code-xxx - for an international call (where: xxx is the area code and subscriber number)

When calling to mobile phones from fixed devices federal numbers the same rules apply.

• 8-beep-operator area code-xxx-xxxxxxx (xxx-xxxxxxx - mobile phone)

• 8-beep-15-universal operator code-xxx-xxxxxxx (xxx-xxxxxxx - mobile phone)

Ukraine

see also

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Notes

Links

• Long distance communication- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
• Long-distance communication (market of Russia): tadviser.ru/index.php/Articles: Long-distance communication_(market_of Russia)

An excerpt characterizing Long-distance communication

In the unfinished house on Varvarka, at the bottom of which there was a drinking house, drunken screams and songs were heard. There were about ten factory workers sitting on benches by the tables in a small, dirty room. All of them, drunk, sweaty, with cloudy eyes, tensing up and opening their mouths wide, sang some kind of song. They sang apart, with difficulty, with an effort, obviously not because they wanted to sing, but only to prove that they were drunk and walking. One of them, a tall blond fellow in a clean blue coat, stood over them. His face, with a thin, straight nose, would have been beautiful, if not for thin, pursed, constantly moving lips and cloudy, frowning, motionless eyes. He stood over those who were singing, and, apparently imagining something, solemnly and angularly waved over their heads a white hand rolled up to the elbow, whose dirty fingers he unnaturally tried to spread out. The sleeve of his chuyka was constantly going down, and the fellow diligently rolled it up again with his left hand, as if there was something especially important in the fact that this white sinewy waving arm was always naked. In the middle of the song, shouts of a fight and blows were heard in the hallway and on the porch. The tall fellow waved his hand.
- Sabbat! he shouted commandingly. - Fight, guys! - And he, without ceasing to roll up his sleeve, went out onto the porch.
The factory workers followed him. The factory workers, who were drinking in the tavern that morning, led by a tall fellow, brought leather from the factory to the kisser, and for this they were given wine. The blacksmiths from the neighboring smithies, having heard the revelry in the tavern and believing that the tavern was broken, wanted to break into it by force. A fight broke out on the porch.
The kisser was fighting the blacksmith at the door, and while the factory workers were leaving, the blacksmith broke away from the kisser and fell face down on the pavement.
Another blacksmith rushed through the door, leaning on the kisser with his chest.
The fellow with his sleeve rolled up on the move still hit the blacksmith, who was rushing through the door, in the face and shouted wildly:
- Guys! ours are being beaten!
At this time, the first blacksmith rose from the ground and, scratching the blood on his broken face, shouted in a weeping voice:
- Guard! Killed!.. They killed a man! Brothers!..
- Oh, fathers, killed to death, killed a man! screeched the woman who came out of the next gate. A crowd of people gathered around the bloodied blacksmith.
“It wasn’t enough that you robbed the people, took off your shirts,” said a voice, turning to the kisser, “why did you kill a man? Robber!
The tall fellow, standing on the porch, with cloudy eyes led first to the kisser, then to the blacksmiths, as if thinking with whom he should now fight.
- Soulbreaker! he suddenly shouted at the kisser. - Knit it, guys!
- How, I tied one such and such! the kisser shouted, brushing aside the people who had attacked him, and tearing off his hat, he threw it on the ground. As if this action had some mysteriously menacing significance, the factory workers, who surrounded the kisser, stopped in indecision.
- I know the order, brother, very well. I'll go private. Do you think I won't? No one is ordered to rob anyone! shouted the kisser, raising his hat.

Long distance communication- telephone-telegraph communication via cable and radio relay lines between two points located at a far (almost unlimited) distance from each other. The term "long-distance communication" originated in the technique of transmitting electrical signals over wired communication lines.

Story

Long distance communication by country

Azerbaijan

Main article: Communication in Azerbaijan

Belarus

Georgia

Kazakhstan

Moldavia

Russia

In the old order, long-distance and international calls were made by dialing the number 8 (at telephone exchanges with automatic long-distance communication, that is, at most of them), and the call went through the Rostelecom operator. In the new order, it is not enough to dial "8", you must then select the carrier through which the call will be directed (two-digit number), and then the number. In addition, you can switch to one of the operators on a permanent basis (Pre-Select mode), in this case, the dialing order is old, just through "8", and the telecom operator is the same all the time. Even in this mode, it is possible to make calls through other carriers by simply selecting code 15 after "8" and then following the new pattern.

In some regions, the subscriber can select the Pre-Select mode without visiting the company's office, by calling a special automatic number. This is possible in the companies MGTS (Moscow), Dalsvyaz (all subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District), Uralsvyazinform (all subjects of the Urals Federal District), Bashinformsvyaz (Bashkortostan), Tattelecom (Tatarstan).

Alternative operators are campaigning to call subscribers, offering them to switch to their services right during the call - for this, verbal consent and selection through an automatic number are enough. Also, any subscriber can make long-distance calls, each time choosing an operator for this call (Hot-Choice mode).

In mode Pre-Select, when the subscriber makes a choice in favor of one operator and uses only its services, the dialing order is preserved:

• 8-beep-ABC-xxx - for a long-distance call, (where: ABC - area code, xxx - subscriber number)
• 8-beep-10-country code-xxx - for an international call (where: xxx - area code and subscriber number)

In mode Hot Choice the subscriber chooses an operator for each call:

• 8-beep-intercity code of the operator-ABC-xxx - for a long-distance call (where: ABC - area code, xxx - subscriber number)
• 8-beep-international operator code-country code-xxx - for an international call (where: xxx - area code and subscriber number)

• 8-beep-15-universal operator code-8-ABC-xxx - for a long-distance call (where: ABC - area code, xxx - subscriber number)
• 8-beep-15-universal operator code-810-country code-xxx - for an international call (where: xxx is the area code and subscriber number)

When calling mobile phones from landlines with federal numbers, the same rules apply.

• 8-beep-operator area code-xxx-xxxxxxx (xxx-xxxxxxx - mobile phone)

• 8-beep-15-universal operator code-xxx-xxxxxxx (xxx-xxxxxxx - mobile phone)

Between two points located at a far (almost unlimited) distance from each other. The term "long-distance communication" originated in the technique of transmitting electrical signals over wired communication lines.

Story [ | ]

Long distance communication by country[ | ]

Azerbaijan [ | ]

Main article:

Belarus [ | ]

Georgia [ | ]

Kazakhstan [ | ]

Moldavia [ | ]

Russia [ | ]

In the old order, long-distance and international calls were made by dialing the number 8 (at telephone exchanges with automatic long-distance communication, that is, at most of them), and the call went through the Rostelecom operator. In the new order, it is not enough to dial "8", you must then select the carrier through which the call will be directed (two-digit number), and then the number. In addition, you can switch to one of the operators on a permanent basis (mode), in this case, the dialing order is old, just through "8", and the telecom operator is the same all the time. Even in this mode, it is possible to make calls through other carriers by simply selecting code 15 after "8" and then following the new pattern.

In some regions, the subscriber can select the Pre-Select mode without visiting the company's office, by calling a special automatic number. This is possible in the companies MGTS (Moscow), Dalsvyaz (all subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District), Uralsvyazinform (all subjects of the Urals Federal District), Bashinformsvyaz (Bashkortostan), Tattelecom (Tatarstan).

Alternative operators are campaigning to call subscribers, offering them to switch to their services right during the call - for this, verbal consent and selection through an automatic number are enough. Also, any subscriber can make long-distance calls, each time choosing an operator for this call (Hot-Choice mode).

In the mode, when the subscriber makes a choice in favor of one operator and uses only its services, the dialing order is preserved:

• 8-beep-ABC-xxx - for a long-distance call, (where: ABC - area code, xxx - subscriber number)
• 8-beep-10-country code-xxx - for an international call (where: xxx - area code and subscriber number)

In mode Hot Choice the subscriber chooses an operator for each call:

• 8-beep-intercity code of the operator-ABC-xxx - for a long-distance call (where: ABC - area code, xxx - subscriber number)
• 8-beep-international operator code-country code-xxx - for an international call (where: xxx - area code and subscriber number)

• 8-beep-15-universal operator code-8-ABC-xxx - for a long-distance call (where: ABC - area code, xxx - subscriber number)
• 8-beep-15-universal operator code-810-country code-xxx - for an international call (where: xxx is the area code and subscriber number)

When calling mobile phones from landlines with federal numbers, the same rules apply.

• 8-beep-operator area code-xxx-xxxxxxx (xxx-xxxxxxx - mobile phone)

• 8-beep-15-universal operator code-xxx-xxxxxxx (xxx-xxxxxxx - mobile phone)