Rapid development and expansion of applications electronic devices due to the improvement of the element base, the basis of which is semiconductor devices Semiconductor materials in their specific resistance (ρ \u003d 10-6 ÷ 1010 OMM) occupy an intermediate place between the conductors and dielectrics. Popoloretric materials

Semiconductor diodes are a semiconductor device with one P-N-N-transition and two conclusions, the operation of which is based on the properties of the P-N - transition. Basic property P-N - The transition is one-sided conductivity - the current proceeds only in one direction. Conditionally - the graphic designation (HTO) of the diode has the shape of the arrow, which indicates the direction of flowing the current through the device. Constructively diode consists of p-N - Transitionconcluded in the corps (with the exception of micromodules inapproprous) and two conclusions: from P- area - anode, from N-region - cathode. That is, a diode is a semiconductor device that transmits only in one direction - from the anode to the cathode. The dependence of the current through the device from the applied voltage is called a volt - ampere characteristic of the instrument I \u003d F (U).

Transistors The transistor is a semiconductor device designed to enhance, generating and converting electrical signals, as well as switching electrical circuits. A distinctive feature of the transistor is the ability to enhance the voltage and current - the voltage transistor acting at the input and currents lead to the appearance of a significantly greater amount of voltages at its output and currents. The transistor received its name from the reduction of two English words TRAN (RE) Sistor is a controlled resistor. The transistor allows you to adjust the current in the circuit from zero to maximum value.

Classification of transistors: - on the principle of action: field (unipolar), bipolar, combined. - by the value of the dissipated power: small, medium and large. - by the value of the limit frequency: low -, medium -, high - and super-frequency. - by the value of the operating voltage: low - and high-voltage. - by functional purpose: universal, amplifying, key, etc. - according to constructive execution: inapproprous and in the case, with rigid and flexible conclusions.

Depending on the functions performed, the transistors can operate in three modes: 1) active mode - used to enhance electrical signals in analog devices. The resistance of the transistor varies from zero to the maximum value - they say the transistor "opens" or "closed". 2) saturation mode - the resistance of the transistor tends to zero. In this case, the transistor is equivalent to a closed relay contact. 3) cut-off mode - the transistor is closed and has high resistance, i.e., it is equivalent to the open relay contact. Saturation and cut-off modes are used in digital, pulse and switching circuits.

Indicator Electronic Indica Á Thor This is an electronic showing device intended for visual control over events, processes and signals. Electronic indicators are installed in various domestic and industrial equipment for informing a person about the level or value of various parameters, such as voltages, current, temperature, battery charge, etc. often the electronic indicator is erroneously called the mechanical indicator with an electronic scale. Electronic Showing Device Mechanical Indicator

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physics teacher: Abramova Tamara Ivanovna MBOU "Buturlinovskaya Sosh" 2016.

What is a semiconductor? Where did the electrons and holes come from? What happens when adding arsenic to Germany? Semiconductors come to contact. One-sided conduction - not only on the roads. Diodes, transistors, LEDs, photocells - where are we meeting with them? Today at the lesson.

Semiconductors ρ metals \u003cρ of semi-sheets. \u003cΡ Diel. ρ₁ - u from metals ρ ₂ - Single Hedgehrums ρ ₃ - Dielectrics

The structure of semiconductors to semiconductors includes the chemical elements of Germany, silicon, selenium, arsenic, indium, phosphorus, ... and their connections. In the earth's crust of these compounds reaches 80%. At low temperatures and in the absence of illumination, clean p / ps do not conduct an electric current, since they do not have free charges. Silicon and Germany have on an external electron shell of 4 (valence) electrons. In the crystal, each of these electrons belongs to two neighboring atoms, forming, so on. Covalent bond. These electrons participate in thermal motion, but remain in their places in the crystal. S E R A S E L E H SILON

Own conductivity of semiconductors PR and N A G R E V A N and P R I O S V I E N E N and N EL. \u003d N holes.

semiconductor foil case insulator output

Artificial Earth Satellites, Space Ships, Electronic - computer Engineering, radio engineering, automated systems Accounts, sorting, quality checks, ... Application of photoyele, emergency switches.

the impurity conductivity of semiconductors N electrons\u003e N holes conductivity - electronic (donor). Semiconductor - N- type. N holes\u003e N electrons. Conductivity -From (acceptor). Semiconductor - P -Type.

Electronic - hole transition R Zap. The layer is great! R Z.S. decreased. R Z.S. increased. d \u003d 10 ¯⁵ c m

Property of contact semiconductors with different type Conductures N - P Transition X A R A K T E P U C T and K A B main property of n - p of the transition - one-sided conductivity in o l t a m p e r n and I am a direct transition. Reverse transition

Germany - Cathode Indium - Anode Semiconductor Diode The main property is one-sided conductivity. It is used to straighten the weak currents in radio receivers, televisions, and strong currents in ed trams, electric locomotives.

Principle of operation of the semiconductor device Main charge carriers Nezneurnian charge carriers The types of diodes are plane and point. Advantages: Small sizes and weight, high kp.d., durable.

transistors are used as amplifiers in radio engineering, in electrical engineering.

Semiconductor devices

Photocells and thermoelements

Application of photocells

LEDs semiconductor LEDs - devices that convert electrical energy into light. Emit quanta light under the action of the applied voltage.

Semiconductor thermoelements convert internal energy into electric.

1. What carriers electric charge Creating a current in metals and in pure semiconductors? A. and in metals, and in semiconductors only electrons. B. In metal only electrons, in semiconductors only "holes". B. In metals only electrons, in semiconductors electrons and "holes". GV Metal and semiconductors ions. 2. What type of conductivity prevails in semiconductors with impurities? A. Electronic. B. hole. B. Equally electronic and holey. Ionic. 3. How does the resistance on the temperature in metals and in semiconductors depend? A.Vet metal increases, and in semiconductors decreases with increasing temperature. B. in metals decreases, and in semiconductors increases with increasing temperature. B. In metals does not change, and in semiconductors decreases with a change in temperature. Metal increases with a change in temperature, and in semiconductors does not change. 4. Is the Ohma law applies for current in semiconductors and in metals? A. For current in semiconductors, it is used, and no for current in metals. B. For current in metals, it is used, and no for current in semiconductors. B. is used for current in metals, and for current in semiconductors. G. Not applied in any case. Jobs for self-control 1.On 2.a 3.A 4.B.

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presentation "Semiconductors. Own and impurity conductivity of semiconductors. Electric current in semiconductors"

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Integral temperature sensors for BT 2 Most semiconductor temperature sensors use the ratio between the base-emitter voltage and the collector current. Basic temperature measurement diagram temperature diagram cell temperature range champion cell temperature sensor temperature sensor

Integrated temperature sensors for BT 3 Temperature sensors with current output TO-92Capus from -25 to 105t a, ° C 0,298i CC, MA from 4 to 30V CC, in Various schemes Turning on the current DT to determine: and the average temperature value at three points of space, b points with a minimum temperature of three controlled, in the difference in temperatures at two points

Integral temperature sensors for BT 4 Temperature sensors with a voltage output VCC, B2, sensitivity, MV / C 10 Operating temperature range, with AD AD VCC, in sensitivity, MV / C 10 Operating temperature range, with ICC, MA0,12 LM45 LM135 / 235/335 VCC, B2, Sensitivity, MV / K 10 Operating temperature range, with LM LM LM Simplest application schemes for measurement: A - minimum of three temperatures, B - average temperature value for three points, in - temperature difference Typical schemes Inclusion: A - without calibration, b - with calibration

Integral temperature sensors for BT 5 simple thermostat circuit Logometric DT: A - Structural scheme, B - Temperature conversion circuit in code that does not depend on supply voltage Logometric DT measurement systems are called logometric, if the final conversion result does not depend on temperature. The output signal of the logometric sensors depends on the supply voltage. VCC, B2.7 ... 3.6 Sensitivity, MV / C 28 Operating temperature range, with ICC, MA0.5 Casesoic-8, TO92 It is convenient to conjugate the sensor with 12-bit ADPs AD7896, which uses the supply voltage as a reference

Digital output temperature sensors 6 Microcircuits MAX6576 / MAX6577 These are cheap, low-current temperature sensors with single-wire output. The MAX6576 microcircuit converts the ambient temperature in Mandrel with a period of proportional absolute temperature (° K). The MAX6577 microcircuit converts the ambient temperature in Meander with a frequency of proportional absolute temperature. The MAX6576 microcircuit provides an accuracy of ± 3 ° C at + 25 ° C, ± 4.5 ° C at + 85 ° C and ± 5 ° C at + 125 ° C. The MAX6577 microcircuit provides accuracy of ± 3 ° C at + 25 ° C, ± 3.5 ° C at + 85 ° C and ± 4.5 ° C at + 125 ° C. Name Interface Accuracy (± ° C) Ringing voltage range (B) Operating range (° C) Max6576 MAX6577 Housing Period - Temp. Frequency - temp. 3 from 2.7 to 5.5 from -40 to / Sot2 3 Both devices are distinguished by single-wire output, which minimizes the number of outputs needed to interact with the microprocessor. The range / frequency range of the output meander can be selected by connecting two time selecting (TS0, TS1) to VDD (power) or GND (general). MAX6576 / MAX6577 chips are available in compact 6-pin SOT23 enclosures.

Temperature sensors with PWM 7 TMP03 / TMP04 - semiconductor IC, the duration of the rectangular signal at the output of which is directly proportional to its temperature. Built-in temperature converter generates direct-proportional temperature voltage, which is compared with the reference voltage, and the result of comparison is supplied to the digital modulator. The large-scale encoding format of the output sequential digital signal allows you to avoid errors that occur in other devices due to the instability of the sync frequency. The devices have a typical measurement error of ± 1.5 ° C in the range from -25 ° C to + 100 ° C and excellent linearity of the conversion characteristic. Digital output TMP04 is TTL / CMOS compatible, which allows you to connect it to most microcontrollers directly. The output reservoir of the TMP03 device has a maximum flowing current of 5 mA. TMP03 and TMP04 have a working range of supply voltage from 4.5 to 7 V. Operating from 5 in the power source with an unloaded output, the devices consume less than 1.3 mA. TMP03 / TMP04 is defined to operate in the temperature range from -40 ° C to + 100 ° C and are manufactured in TO-92, SO-8 and TSSOP-8 housings. With reduced accuracy, devices are able to measure the temperature to 150 ° C. DT output format

Temperature sensors with serial digital interface 8 This microcircuit is in addition temperature sensor Based on the bipolar transistor also includes the ADC Sigma, the interface of which is compatible with SPI and Microwire interfaces. Thirteen-bit ADC provides a resolution of ° C in the temperature range from -55 to + 150 ° C. The sensor allows translation to silence mode with reduced power consumption (Shutdown Mode), in which the current consumed decreases to 10 μA. The sensor is manufactured in the SO-8 housing and in the miniature 5-pin Micro SMD-KOPPYSE. Ad7816 / 17/18 Temperature Sensors DS18B20 Temperature Sensors

Temperature comparators 9 The device has an output manifold output, which switches when the temperature specified by the user is reached. ADT05 has a hysteresis equal to approximately 4 ° C, which provides a quick turning on / off cycle. ADT05 is designed to work with unipolar supply voltage from + 2.7 to +7.0 V, which makes it easier to use both in battery devices and in industrial control systems. The nominal resistor defining the response temperature is determined by the expression: R set \u003d 39 mogues ° C / (t set (° C) + 281.6 ° C) - 90.3 to Ohm. TMR01 is a two-channel controller, which also produces an output voltage proportional to the absolute temperature (yield 5). In addition, it produces control signals on one or both outputs when the temperature turns out to be outside the specified temperature range. The upper and lower bounds of the range and hysteresis of each of these channels are set by external resistance.

Contactless temperature sensors (pyrometers)

applied where access to the measured parts is difficult, and mobility and low inertia measurements are needed. In addition, contactless temperature sensors are indispensable where high temperatures must be measured - from 1500 to 3000 C.

Infrared radiation with a wavelength of 3-14 μm from the measured object enters the sensitive element of the contactless temperature sensor and is converted to an electrical signal, which is then enhanced, is normalized, and in the new models of sensors and digitized to transmit over the network.

The main areas of use of high-temperature pyrometer Pyrometers C-700.1 Standard:

Metallurgy: measuring the temperature of the melts of ferrous metals, parts with thermal and mechanical processing.

Glass Industry: Adjustment of glass-forming machines, control temperature modes glass coat furnaces.

Construction Industry: Control of Temperature Temperature Making Materials (Cement, Brick, Building Mixtures, etc.).

Teplovira

thermocouples

Thermocouples are two wires from various metals cooked with each other.

The thermoelectric effect opened the German physicist of Seebek in the first half of the 19th century. If you connect two conductor from heterogeneous metals in such a way that they form a closed circuit and maintain the vehicle contact locations at different temperatures, then a permanent current will flow into the chain. The experimental paths were chosen by pairs of metals, which are most suitable for measuring temperature, having high sensitivity, temporary stability, resistant to the effects of the external environment. It is for example pairs of metal chromel-allyumel, copper-Konstanta, Iron-Constanta, platinum-platinum / Rhodium, rhenium-tungsten. Each type is suitable for solving its tasks. Thermocouples chrowel-aluminum (Type K) have high sensitivity and stability and operate up to temperatures up to 1,300 s in an oxidative or neutral atmosphere. This is one of the most common types of thermocouples. Thermocouple Iron-Constanta (type J) operates in vacuo, a reducing or inert atmosphere at temperatures up to 500 C. At high temperatures up to 1500 ° C, platinum / rhodium thermocouples (type S or R) are used in ceramic protective covers. They perfectly measure the temperature in the oxidative, neutral medium and vacuum.

Resistance thermometers

these are resistors made of platinum, copper or nickel. These can be wire resistors, or the metal layer can be sprayed on an insulating substrate, usually ceramic or glass. Platinum is most often used in resistance thermometers due to its high stability and linearity change resistance with temperature. Copper is used mainly to measure low temperatures, and nickel in low-cost sensors for measuring in the room temperature range. To protect against the external environment, platinum resistance thermometers are placed in protective metal covers and isolate with ceramic materials, such as aluminum oxide or magnesium oxide. Such insulation also reduces the effect of vibration and shocks to the sensor. However, along with additional insulation, the time of the sensor response to sharp temperature changes is also growing. Platinum resistance thermometers are one of the most accurate temperature sensors. In addition, they are standardized, which greatly simplifies their use. Standardly produced with resistance sensors 100 and 1000 ohms. Changing the resistance of such sensors with a temperature is given in any thematic reference books in the form of tables or formulas. The measurement range of platinum resistance thermometers is -180 from +600 C. Despite the insulation, it is worth protecting the thermometers of resistance from strong blows and vibrations.

Thermistors.

In this class of sensors, the effect of changes in the electrical resistance of the material under the influence of temperature is used. Usually, semiconductor materials are used as thermistors, as a rule, oxides of various metals. As a result, sensors with high sensitivity are obtained. However, large nonlinearity allows the use of thermistors only in a narrow temperature range. Thermistors have low cost and can be manufactured in miniature buildings, thus allowing the speed. There are two types of thermistors using a positive temperature coefficient - when the electrical resistance grows with an increase in temperature and using a negative temperature coefficient - here the electrical resistance drops with increasing temperature. Thermistors do not have a certain temperature characteristics. It depends on specific model The instrument and the area of \u200b\u200bits use. The main advantages of thermistors are their high sensitivity, Small sizes and weight that allow you to create sensors with a small response time, which is important, for example, to measure air temperature. Of course, low cost is also their advantage, allowing you to embed the temperature sensors in various devices. The disadvantages include high nonlinearity of thermistors, allowing them to be used in a narrow temperature range. The use of thermistors is as limited in the range of low temperatures. A large number of Models S. various characteristics And the absence unified Standard, Forces equipment manufacturers to use thermistors of only one particular model without replacement.

Semiconductor sensors temperatures use the dependence of the resistance of semiconductor silicon from temperature. The range of measured temperatures for such sensors is from-50 With up to +150 C. Inside this range, silicon temperature sensors show good linearity and accuracy. The possibility of production in one case of such a sensor is not only the most sensitive element, but also the gain and signal processing schemes, provides the sensor with good accuracy and linearity inside the temperature range. Non-volatile memory built into such a sensor will allow you to individually calibrate each device. A large plus can be called a wide variety of output interface types: it can be voltage, current, resistance, or a digital output that allows you to connect such a sensor to the data network. From the weak places of silicon temperature sensors, you can mark narrow temperature Range and relative large sizes Compared with similar sensors of other types, especially thermocouples. Silicon temperature sensors are used mainly to measure surface temperature, air temperature, especially inside various electronic devices.

Slide 2.

The rapid development and expansion of the areas of application of electronic devices are due to the improvement of the element base, the basis of which is the basis of semiconductor instrumental materials according to their specific resistance (ρ \u003d 10-6 ÷ 1010 OM.M) occupy an intermediate place between the conductors and dielectrics.

Slide 3.

The main materials for the production of semiconductor devices are: silicon (SI), silicon carbide (SIIS), gallium compounds and India.

Slide 4.

For the manufacture of electronic devices, solid semiconductors are used having a crystalline structure. Semiconductor devices are called instruments whose action is based on the use of semiconductor properties.

Slide 5.

Semiconductor diodes

This semiconductor device with one P-N-transition and two conclusions, the operation of which is based on the properties of the P-N - transition. The main property of the P-N - transition is one-sided conductivity - the current proceeds only in one direction. The conditionally graphic designation (Hugo) of the diode has the form of an arrow, which indicates the direction of flowing current through the device. A structurally diode consists of a P-N-transition enclosed in the housing (with the exception of micromodules inapproprous) and two conclusions: from the P-region - anode, from the N-region - the cathode. Those. A diode is a semiconductor device that transmits current only in one direction - from the anode to the cathode. The dependence of the current through the device from the applied voltage is called the volt-ampere characteristic (WA) of the device I \u003d F (U).

Slide 6.

Transistors

The transistor is a semiconductor device designed to enhance, generating and converting electrical signals, as well as switching electrical circuits. A distinctive feature of the transistor is the ability to enhance the voltage and current - the voltage transistor acting at the input and currents lead to the appearance of a significantly greater amount of voltages at its output and currents. The transistor received its name from the reduction of two English words TRAN (RE) Sistor is a controlled resistor. The transistor allows you to adjust the current in the chain from zero to the maximum value.

Slide 7.

Classification of transistors: - on the principle of action: field (unipolar), bipolar, combined. - by the value of the dissipated power: small, medium and large. - by the value of the limit frequency: low-, medium-, high and ultra-high-frequency. - by the value of the operating voltage: low and high voltage. - by functional purpose: universal, amplifying, key, etc. - according to constructive execution: inapproprous and in the case, with rigid and flexible conclusions.

Slide 8.

Depending on the functions performed, the transistors can operate in three modes: 1) active mode - used to enhance electrical signals in analog devices. The resistance of the transistor varies from zero to the maximum value - they say the transistor "opens" or "is subfed". 2) saturation mode - the resistance of the transistor tends to zero. In this case, the transistor is equivalent to a closed relay contact. 3) Cutching mode - the transistor is closed and has high resistance, i.e. It is equivalent to an open relay contact. Saturation and cut-off modes are used in digital, pulse and switching circuits.

Slide 9.

Indicator

The electrically indicator is an electronic showing device intended for visual control over events, processes and signals. Electronic indicators are installed in various domestic and industrial equipment for informing a person about the level or value of various parameters, such as voltages, current, temperature, battery charge, etc. Often the electronic indicator is erroneously called the mechanical indicator with an electronic scale.

See all slides