Microsoft Windows.
Microsoft Windows (/ WɪNDOʊZ /) - family of proprietary operating systems Microsoft Company (Microsoft). Windows operating systems operate on the X86, X86-64, IA-64, ARM platforms. There were also versions for Dec Alpha, MIPS and PowerPC.
Microsoft Windows version
The following versions of Microsoft Windows are exist:
1. Windows 1.0 (1985)
2. Windows 2.0 (1987)
3. Windows 3.0 (1990)
4. Windows 3.1 (1992)
5. Windows for Workgroups 3.1 (1992)
6. Windows NT 3.1 (1993)
7. Windows NT 3.5 (1994)
8. Windows NT 3.51 (1995)
9. Windows 95 (1995)
10. Windows NT 4.0 (1996)
11. Windows 98 (1998)
12. Windows 98 SE (1999)
13. Windows 2000 (2000)
14. Windows ME (2000)
15. Windows XP (2001)
16. Windows XP 64-Bit Edition (2003)
17. Windows Server 2003 (2003)
18. Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCS (2006)
19. Windows Vista (2007)
20. Windows Home Server (2007)
21. Windows Server 2008 (2008)
23. Windows Server 2008 R2 (previously known as Windows Server 7) (the release date is scheduled at the end of 2009, 2010)
24. Windows 8 (release date scheduled for 2012)
Consider each of the listed OS.
Windows 1.x.
Windows 1.01, released on November 20, 1985, was the first Microsoft attempt to implement a multitasking operating environment for IBM PC with a graphical interface.
Unlike subsequent versions, Windows 1.0 provided only limited multitasking support for existing MS-DOS programs, concentrating mainly on creating a medium paradigm to perform and interact applications, as well as a stable API for future Windows programs. Today, twenty-three years after the release of Windows 1.0, you can not only perform many programs created for this version, on the modern Windows XP system, but also compile their source code into full-featured "modern" applications (with minor changes).
Windows 1.0 is often considered a "shell" for the MS-DOS operating system (this definition is often used to later versions of Windows). In fact, Windows 1.0 started from MS-DOS, its programs could call MS-DOS functions, and the graphical interface programs were launched from the same executable EXE files as the usual MS-DOS programs. However, executables windows files There were other formats (NE - New Executable), which could be processed only by Windows and which, for example, allowed you to load code and data on request. Applications had to manage memory only using your own Windows allocation management system that allowed to use virtual memory.
The definition of Windows 1.0 as the "shell for DOS" proceeds from the fact that it has been created only as a graphical environment for application operation, and not as a full-featured OS. Nevertheless, Windows 1.0 included its own drivers for video cards, mice, keyboards, printers and sequential ports. It was assumed that applications would only cause APIs based on these drivers. Considering that support for graphics and peripheral devices in MS-DOS is extremely limited, applications had to contact the hardware support (or, in some cases, to the BIOS) to perform the necessary actions. Thus, Windows 1.0 was not just a shell for MS-DOS, but supplemented and partially replaced the capabilities not presented in MS-DOS. The MS-DOS substitution level has increased in subsequent versions of Windows.
The first released version of Windows wore number 1.01. Version 1.0 was not released due to a serious error, which prevented the output of this version.
Version 1.02 issued in May 1986 was international and had localization for different European languages.
Version 1.03, released in August 1986, was intended only for the United States and contained improvements that made it more like an international issue. It included drivers for European keyboards and additional drivers for the screen and printers.
Version 1.04, released in April 1987, added support for VGA graphics adapters that appeared in new PS / 2 series computers from IBM. At the same time, Microsoft, together with IBM, announced the OS / 2 operating system with a graphical interface - Presentation Manager, which, according to the plan of companies, was to replace both MS-DOS and Windows with time.
Windows 1.0 was replaced by November 1987 years of windows 2.0.
Windows 2.x.
Instead of the mosaic placement of windows, which was in Windows 1.x, the system of overlapping windows is implemented in Windows 2.x. In addition, the advantages of the protected processor mode 80286 are used and more advanced, which allows programs to go beyond the size of the main memory DOS - 640 KB. In June 1988, version 2.1, renamed Windows 286, was published. Also on December 9, 1987, Windows 386 is released - edition of Windows 2.0, optimized for the latest INTEL CPU. It has some impact on the market, but mainly due to the ability to run several DOS programs in<виртуальных машинах> CPU 386; It contains the foundation of most future Windows 3.0 functions.
Windows 3.x.
Windows 3.x is the general name of the Microsoft Operating Systems Family, released from 1990 to 1994. The first widespread version of Microsoft Windows was 3.0, allowing Microsoft to compete with Macintosh and Commodore Amiga in the field of operating systems with a graphical interface.
Windows 3.0 was released on May 22, 1990 and had a significantly updated user interface, as well as technical improvements that allowed the possibilities of Intel 80286 and 80386 processors to manage memory. Text programsCreated for MS-DOS could be run in the window (this feature was previously available in a more limited form in Windows / 386 2.1). This made a system suitable for use as a simple multitasking base for old programs; However, for home computers, this feature has not had much importance, since most of the games and entertainment applications still demanded direct access to DOS.
MS-DOS Executive tool used earlier to start program management and file management was replaced by means of program manager and file manager that simplify these actions. However, MS-DOS Executive has still been supplied with the system as an alternative user interface. The control panel, which previously represented an ordinary applet, was redone and began to like more on its analogue in the Mac OS operating system. It has centralized system settings, including limited control of the color scheme of the interface. There were several simple applications in the delivery, for example, text editor Notepad and text processor WRITE (both of them were inherited from previous versions of Windows), macro tool (new Windows 3.0 feature; subsequently was removed), and the calculator (also from previous versions). The older game of Reversi was complemented by Kosyanka Card Solitaire.
Windows 3.0 was the latest version of Windows, which, according to Microsoft, supported full compatibility with old Windows applications.
Extensions for multimedia were released in the fall of 1991 to support CD-ROM drives and sound cards, as they became more common. These extensions were released for OEM providers, mainly for manufacturers of CD-ROM drives and sound cards. They added to the Windows 3.0 system the possibility of simple audio input and audio CD player. New extension features for multimedia were not available when operating in real mode. Subsequently, many functions of these extensions were included in Windows 3.1.
Windows 3.1 (initially wearing the Janus code name), released on March 18, 1992, was an extension of Windows 3.0. It included a TrueType font system (and a pre-installed set of pretty high-quality fonts), which for the first time made Windows a serious platform for desktop publishing systems. Similar features could be obtained in Windows 3.0 using the Adobe Type Manager application. This version of Windows also included a simple Microsoft Anti-Virus for Windows anti-virus program, which later became known in that defined the Windows 95 installation program as a compactic virus. Starting with this version of Windows, 32-bit access to the hard disk are supported.
Windows 3.1 was developed in such a way as to have a maximum level of backward compatibility with older Windows platforms. Like version 3.0, Windows 3.1 had file manager and program dispatcher.
A special version was also issued, named Windows 3.1 for Central and Eastern Europe, which supported Cyrillic and had fonts with diacritical signs.
Built-in network support appeared in Windows version 3.1 (Windows for Workgroups 3.1), an extended version of Windows 3.1. It included SMB support for sharing files using NetBei and / or IPX protocols, and also contained a computer game "Hearts" and VShare.386, a virtual device driver for Share.exe. Windows for working groups 3.11 (Windows for Workgroups 3.11) supported 32-bit file access, full 32-bit network overproofers and VCACHE.386 file. In addition, in version 3.11, support for the standard regime and the game "Reversi" was removed. Support for TCP / IP protocols in Windows 3.x was based on separate packages from third parties (for example, WinSock). Supplement from Microsoft (with Snowball code name) also provided support for TCP / IP in Windows for working groups, but this package did not become widely available.
Limited compatibility with the new 32-bit Win32 API, which was used in Windows NT, was provided with an additional Win32S package.
Windows 3.2 was a version only for Chinese.
Over time, Windows 3.x has been replaced with Windows 95, Windows 98 and later versions that integrated MS-DOS and Windows components into a single product.
In the future, Windows 3.x found use in embedded systems. November 1, 2008 Microsoft stopped issuing licenses for its use.
Windows NT.
Windows NT (in the focus simply NT) is a line of operating systems (OS) manufactured by Microsoft Corporation and the name of the first versions of the OS.
Windows NT was developed "from scratch", developed separately from the other OS of Windows (Windows 3.x and Windows 9x) and, unlike them, was positioned as a reliable workstation solution (Windows NT Workstation) and servers (Windows NT Server ). Windows NT has gave rise to the family of operating systems in which Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008, Windows 7.
The development of Windows NT under the working name NT OS / 2 was launched in November 1988 by a group of specialists led by David Cutler (David Cutler), which moved to Microsoft from DEC, where they were developed by VAX and VMS. The work went parallel to the development of IBM's own OS, OS / 2 2, which finally came out only in April 1992. At the same time, Microsoft continued to develop its own DOS and Windows family, characterized by smaller computer resource requirements than IBM OS / 2. After Windows 3.0 was released in May 1990, Microsoft decided to add to the NT OS / 2 software interface (API) compatible with Windows API. This decision caused serious friction between Microsoft and IBM firms, which ended with a breakdown of collaboration. IBM continued the development of OS / 2 independently, and Microsoft began working on the system that was eventually released called Windows NT. Although this system did not bring immediate popularity, like DOS or Windows, Windows NT was substantially more successful than OS / 2.
It should be noted that an OS / 2 API was originally planned as NT software interfaces and then POSIX, Windows API support was added last. In addition, Intel i860 was initially planned as an NT hardware platform and then MIPS, Intel X86 support was also added later. Then, in the process of the evolution of this OS, the support of both initially planned programming interfaces and both initially planned hardware platforms disappeared. For i860, there was not even a single release version of this OS, although it was from the code name of this processor, N10, the name of the NT OS itself occurs. Now Microsoft decrypts NT abreation as new technology. And as an alternative to the Microsoft POSIX subsystem, the Microsoft Windows service package for UNIX has become offered.
NT tolerance was one of its priority tasks. That is why the development of this OS was initially conducted for the I860 processor, although binary compatibility with OS / 2, formerly than one of the conditions of the NT OS / 2 project, would require the creation of the NT version for x86, or the inclusion of the emulation of this platform. The number of platforms for which the release versions of the Windows NT family existed is impressive: In addition to the MIPS and Intel X86, the PowerPC, Dec Alpha, Itanium and AMD x86-64 are included here. Independent manufacturers of computer systems were also developed versions of Windows NT for Clipper architectures (English) and SPARC; However, these versions were not released as independent software products. As high tolerance, the development of NT was taken for the example of UNIX and MACH.
To develop an NT OS, Microsoft invited a group of specialists from DEC led by David Cutler (English), which has experience creating multitasking operating systems, such as VAX / VMS and RSX-11 (English). Some similarity marked between the internal architectures of Windows NT and the VMS family, gave grounds to accuse newly adopted Microsoft employees in the theft of DEC intellectual property. The resulting conflict was permitted peaceful way: DEC recognized Microsoft's property to technology underlying Windows NT, and Microsoft created and supported the Windows NT version for the Dec Alpha architecture.
Despite the overall roots, Windows NT and OS / 2 compatibility decreased with each new release of this OS. Support for API OS / 2 2.0, although it was planned in NT and was not completed; Windows NT 4.0 supported HPFS file system support, and Windows XP has been removed for OS / 2 1.x support subsystem.
The user interface subsystem in Windows NT implements a window interface similar to the interface of previous versions of Windows. Two types of objects of this subsystem that were absent in 16-bit versions of Windows and in Windows 9X are window stations and desktops. The window station complies with one Windows NT user session - for example, when connected via a remote desktop service, a new window station is created. Each running process belongs to one of the window stations; Services, except labeled as capable of interacting with the desktop, are launched in separate, invisible window stations.
Each window station has its own clipboard, a set of global atoms (used for DDE operations), and a set of desktops. The desktop is the context of all global user interface subsystem operations, such as installing hooks and broadcast messages. Each running stream belongs to one of the working tables - where the windows serviced by them are located; In particular, one thread cannot create several windows belonging to various desktops. One desktop can be active (visible to the user and able to respond to its actions), the remaining working tables are hidden. The ability to create for one session of operation multiple desktops and switching to the present time to date is not provided with standard Windows user interface tools, although there are third-party programs that give access to this functionality.
Window stations and desktops exhaust the objects of the Windows NT user interface subsystem, which can be assigned access rights. The remaining types of objects - windows and menus - provide full access to any process that is with them in one window station. Therefore, Windows NT services are launched by default in separate window stations: they work with elevated privileges, and the ability of the user processes to unlimited manipulate service windows could lead to failures and / or security issues.
For application applications, the Windows NT system provides several API sets. The most basic of them is the so-called "native" API (NTVIVE API) implemented in a dynamically connected NTDLL library and consisting of two parts: NT kernel calls (Functions with NT and ZW prefixes transmitting NTOSKRNL kernel functions with the same names ) and the functions implemented in user mode (with the RTL prefix). Part of the functions of the second group are used inside the system calls; The remaining entirely consists of an unprivileged code, and can be called not only from the code of the user mode, but also from the drivers. In addition to the Native API functions, the NTDLL also includes the functions of the standard Language Language Language.
The official documentation on the Native API API is very scarce, but the enthusiast communities managed by samples and errors to collect enough extensive information about this interface. In particular, in February 2000, the book of Gary Unbets "The Basic Function Handbook of Windows NT / 2000 API" () was published; In 2002, it was translated into Russian (). The Native API information source can serve as a Windows DDK, which describes some kernel functions available via the Native API, as well as the study of Windows code (reverse engineering) - by disassembling, or using the source texts of Windows 2000, which have become available as a result of leakage, or using the source Windows 2003 texts available as part of the Windows Research Kernel program.
Programs running before loading subsystems providing the rest of the Windows NT APIs are limited to the use of the Native API. For example, AUTOCHK program that checks wheels when booting an OS after incorrect completion of work, uses only Native API.
Most often, Windows NT applications are used by Win32 API - an interface created based on Windows 3.1 API, and allows you to recompile existing programs for 16-bit versions of Windows with minimal changes in the source code. The compatibility of the Win32 API and 16-bit Windows API is so large that 32-bit and 16-bit applications can freely exchange messages, work with each other windows, etc. In addition to supporting the functions of the existing Windows API, a number has also been added to Win32 API New features, including support for console programs, multithreading, and synchronization objects, such as mightxes and semaphores. The documentation for Win32 API is part of Microsoft Platform SDK (English) and is available on the website.
Win32 API support libraries are mostly named as well as Windows 3.x system libraries, with the addition of suffix 32: These are Kernel32, Advapi32, GDI32, User32, Comctl32, COMDLG32, SHELL32, and a number of others. The Win32 API functions can either independently implement the required functionality in user mode, or call the Native API functions described above, or access the CSRSS subsystem through the LPC mechanism (eng.), Or to carry out a system call to the Win32K library that implements the support required for Win32 API mode kernel. Four listed options can also be combined in any combination: for example, the WriteFile Win32 function appeals to the NTWRITEFILE function to write to the disk file, and causes the corresponding CSRSS function to output into the console.
Win32 API support is included in the Windows 9X OS family; In addition, it can be added to Windows 3.1X installation of the Win32S package. To facilitate the transfer of existing Windows applications using the MBCS encoding rows, all Win32 API functions that take the row parameters were created in two versions: functions with suffix A (ANSI) take MBCS strings, and functions with the suffix W (WIDE ) Take lines in Unicode encoding. In Win32S and Windows 9X, only A-functions are supported, whereas in Windows NT, where all lines inside the OS are stored exclusively in Unicode, each A-poundation simply converts its string parameters to Unicode and causes a W version of the same function. When the function name in the source text of the program is shown without suffix, the use of A- or the W-version of this function is determined by the compilation options. It is important to note that most of the new features that appearing in Windows 2000 or later OS of the Windows NT family exist only in the Unicode version, because the task of ensuring compatibility with old programs and with Windows 9X is no longer worth it so acute as before
Unlike most "free" UNIX-like, Windows NT is certified by the NIST Institute for Compatibility with POSIX.1, and even with a more stringent FIPS 151-2 standard. The PSXDLL library is exported by standard POSIX functions, as well as some Native API features that have no analogues in POSIX - for example, to work with a bunch, with structural exceptions, with Unicode encoding. Inside these functions are used both Native API and LPC calls to the PSXSS subsystem, which is a conventional Win32 process. To download this subsystem and execution of the POSIX program, use the POSIX cantilever shell program. POSIX support included in Windows NT does not contain extensions to work with graphics or multithreaded applications.
To perform 16-bit programs written for OS / 2 1.x, the Windows NT system includes two OS / 2 system libraries (Doscalls and NetAPI) and the OS2 emulator console program, which loads and uses the OS2SRV subsystem and the LPC calls OS2ss. The remaining System Libraries OS / 2, except for the two named (KBDCalls, MailSlot, Moncalls, Nampipes, Quecalls, Viocalls and ten more), are not stored as separate files, but emulated. Programs written for OS / 2 2.0 and higher, as well as window programs and programs directly working with computer devices, including drivers, Windows NT system are not supported.
Both of these subsystems optional for most applications have been deleted in Windows XP and subsequent Windows releases. With the help of manipulations with the registry, they could be disabled in previous versions of Windows NT, which was recommended for computer security specialists in order to reduce the surface of the computer system attack.
To provide binary compatibility with existing programs for previous OS families from Microsoft, the NTVDM emulator program implements the VDM (virtual DOS machine) is added to Windows NT (virtual DOS machine), inside which the DOS program can be performed. For each DOS program being executed, its own VDM is created, while several 16-bit Windows programs can be performed in separate streams inside one VDM, which in this case plays the role of the subsystem. In order for the Windows program inside VDM, the Wowexec program that establishes the VDM connection with the WOW platform ("Windows On Win32"), which allows you to use 16-bit Windows Applications along with 32-bit applications. The NTVDM emulator itself is performed inside the Win32 subsystem, which allows Win32 programs to access the DOS-programs windows as a conventional console window, and to Win16-program windows - as an ordinary graphic window.
Another binary compatibility technology implemented in Windows NT is Thunks that allow 32-bit programs to use 16-bit DLL libraries (for Windows or OS / 2), and vice versa. Thunks for Win16 are implemented in WOW32 libraries (32-bit entry points) and KRNL386 (16-bit entry points); Thunks for OS / 2 - in the Doscalls library (16-bit entry points). 16-bit system libraries included in Windows NT to use WOW technology include KRNL386, GDI, User, Commctrl, Commdlg, Shell, and other support for DOS programs of the Windows NT virtual DOS machine system is not limited to the emulation of the X86 processor mode : The DPMI interface is supported, allowing DOS programs to access extended memory. However, support for DOS and Win16 programs in Windows NT is limited by security requirements: programs directly working with computer devices, including drivers, are not supported.
Due to the hardware limitations of 64-bit platforms, support for VDM and WOW was excluded from 64-bit versions of Windows, and the launch of 16-bit programs is not possible. The main API of these versions of Windows NT is the 64-bit version of Win32 API; To launch 32-bit programs, WOW64 is used, similar to the traditional WOW.
As already noted, the creation of the NT version for x86 was required to ensure compatibility with OS / 2, however, in order to make sure the code being portable to the created, the development of NT began from versions for RISC architectures, and only then supported X86 was added. Initially, the development of the X86 version of Windows NT was focused on the 80486 processor, but by the time of the release of Windows NT 3.1, support 80386 was also added. The latest version that supports i386 was Windows NT 3.51, and starting with Windows 2000, supported i486 also stopped.
The I860 processor for which the initial development of NT was carried out, did not receive the completion of the work on Windows NT to support the manufacturers of computers to which Intel and Microsoft were calculated. As a result, three platforms, the support of which was included in Windows NT 3.1, steel X86, Alpha and MIPS. In the releases of Windows NT 3.X, supporting these platforms has been saved, replenished in Windows NT 3.51 also by the Prep architecture (eng.) Based on the PowerPC processor. However, Windows NT 3.51 was not compatible with Macintosh computers with the same processor; In fact, only IBM PC clones with the PowerPC processor instead of x86 were supported. Such computers were produced mainly by the Creator Firms of PowerPC - IBM and Motorola.
The first edition of Windows NT 4 supported four platforms (X86, Alpha, Mips and PowerPC), but support for less common platforms was reduced as the update package is output: MIPS support was removed from SP1, from SP3 - PowerPC support. The latest issues of Windows NT 4 were maintained only x86 and alpha; Although ALPHA support was planned to enable in Windows 2000, it was excluded from the RC2 version.
Windows 95.
Windows 95 (Code Name Chicago) is a hybrid 16- and 32-bit graphics operating system, released on August 24, 1995 by Microsoft. The Russian version went on sale on November 10, 1995.
This is the first system of the Windows family system, the interface of which is used in all subsequent versions of Windows: it was that such elements appeared in it. graphic interfaceAs a desktop with icons, taskbar and start menu.
Windows 95 is the result of combining MS-DOS and Windows products, which previously applied separately. Windows 95 is the third (after Windows for working groups 3.11 and Windows NT) Windows system, devoid of support for standard and real mode of operation of X86 processors and requires an Intel 80386 level processor and higher in secure mode. Windows 95 contains significant improvements in the graphical interface and an internal system of the system, including the work desk and the Start menu, support for long (up to 256 characters) file names and the "Plug and Play" system.
The main innovation in Windows 95 was the ability to perform 32-bit applications based on the Win32 API. For the first time, this feature appeared in Windows NT, however, the systems of this family had higher hardware requirements and therefore could not be compared with the "normal" series of Windows (which before Windows 95 is released by the Windows 3.x family).
In Windows 95, only a part of Win32 features available in Windows NT was implemented. However, this was enough to ensure that many applications developed on the basis of the Win32 API were able to work as in windows Environment NT (which was positioned as a system for business applications) and in the Windows 95 environment (consumer-oriented). This contributed to the popularity of Windows 95.
The appearance of 32-bit access to Windows files for working groups 3.11 meant that the 16-bit real MS-DOS mode was no longer used to work with files during Windows execution, and the embedding of 32-bit access to the disk in Windows 3.1 made it possible to avoid using bios. To control hard drives. As a result, the MS-DOS role actually drove up to load the Windows kernel operating in protected mode. DOS could still be used to work for old device drivers for compatibility purposes, but Microsoft recommended not to use them because it prevented the correct multitasking and reduced the stability of the system. Using the control panel, the user could determine which MS-DOS components were still used in its system; Optimal performance was achieved if there were no such. The Windows kernel still used the old calls "in MS-DOS style" in the so-called failure protection mode, but this mode was used only to correct malfunctions when downloading "native" protected mode drivers.
32-bit file access was necessary for long file names - features available in Windows 95 through the use of the VFAT file system (FAT16 option). This feature was available both Windows programs and MS-DOS programs running from Windows (they needed to correct some, since access to long-name files required the use of a larger buffer for the path and, as a result, other system calls). Other DOS compatible operating systems required updates to enjoy long file names. The use of old versions of DOS utilities to manage files could damage long file names when copying and moving them. In the process of automatic updating Windows 3.1 to Windows 95, the DOS utilities and third parties that could damage long file names, found and disconnected. For those cases where there was a need to use old disk utilities that did not perceive long file names (for example, the Defrag program from the MS-DOS 6.22 package) was provided with a LFNBack program to preserve and restore long names. The program is located in the \\ Admin \\ AppTools \\ LFNBACK CD 15 CD.
The graphical interface of Windows 95 has become much more powerful and easy to use, as a result of which the rivalry on the market of desktop operating systems ended with the victory of Microsoft. Windows 95 has become undoubted success in the market, and for a year or two after its release has become the most successful of all ever created operating systems. Windows 95 made the functions of the graphical interface as the Start button and the taskbar available to the mass consumer (although such functions were implemented and earlier - in the operating systems Arthur and Risc OS - the market of these systems was extremely limited). These functions have become an unchanged attribute of all subsequent versions of Windows, and subsequently copied in other graphical interfaces.
Implemented in Windows 95 "Plug and Play" system (literally "connected and play") automatically installs device drivers, assigns them interrupt numbers, etc. - before it had to be done manually. In turn, the appearance of Windows 95 led to the appearance of devices specially designed under the "Plug and Play" - for example, they are inactive until the system assigns them addresses and interrupts. At an early stage of implementation, numerous equipment recognition errors occurred, so "Plug and Play" often called "Plug and Pray" - literally "connected and pray."
The release of Windows 95 was accompanied by a large-scale advertising campaign (in many estimates - the largest in the history of software), including the advertising video with the song "Start Me Up" (hint on the "Start" button) performed by Rolling Stones. The campaign also included the stories of people standing at stores in the queue to purchase a copy of the system; There were even fairy tales on how people who did not have computers bought Windows 95 simply because of all this noise, not knowing even that there is such a Windows.
Initially, Windows 95 was sold on 13 diskettes in a special DMF format (Distribution Media Format, a capacity of 1.68 MB) or on CDs (the CD version included many useful additional files). Some developments that failed to complete by the time of the official output of Windows 95 were then included in Microsoft Plus! (For example, Internet Explorer).
In the first versions of Windows 95, there was no built-in support for working with the Internet, but on the desktop there was a "Microsoft Network" icon - it was subsequently removed.
Windows 95 was replaced by other operating systems of the Windows 9X - Windows 98 line, Windows 98 SE and Windows ME. The Windows NT kernel used in Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows Vista is much more steadily and functionally compared to its predecessors used in the Windows 9X line, but poorly supports old games and applications for MS-DOS. To date, all Windows 9X operating systems, especially Windows 95, are almost out of use. December 31, 2002 Microsoft has completed Windows 95 support.
Windows 98.
Windows 98 (MEMPHIS code name) is a graphic operating system issued by Microsoft on June 25, 1998.
In essence, this operating system is an updated version of Windows 95, which is still a hybrid 16/32-bit product based on MS-DOS. Improvements have been supported by AGP support, the USB drivers are finalized, supported support with multiple monitors and support for WEBTV. As in Windows 95 OSR 2.5, Internet Explorer 4 is integrated into the system interface (Active Desktop function).
The internal number of the "first edition" of Windows 98 - 4.10.1998, SE - 4.10.2222.
System Requirements for Windows 98: 486DX / 66 MHz processor or better, 16 MB of RAM and at least 195 MB of free disk space with a standard installation.
Windows 98 Second Edition (Windows 98 SE) was released on May 5, 1999. The updated version includes many fixes, Internet Explorer 4 is replaced with a significantly faster and easy Internet Explorer 5, the Internet Connection Sharing feature appeared. Also added MS NetMeeting 3 and support for DVD playback.
System requirements for RAM for Windows 98 SE increased to 24 MB.
Microsoft planned to stop supporting Windows 98 July 16, 2004. However, due to the incredible popularity of this operating system, the support was extended until July 30, 2006.
Windows 2000.
Windows 2000 (also called Win2K, W2K or Windows NT 5.0, CAIRO code name) is a Microsoft Windows NT family operating system designed to work on computers with 32-bit processors (with an architecture compatible with Intel IA-32).
The first beta version of the system was released on September 27, 1997. Initially, the system wore a name for Windows NT 5.0, since it was the next major version of Windows NT after Windows NT 4.0. However, on October 27, 1998, she received its own name Windows 2000. The final version of the system was issued for the general public on February 17, 2000.
Windows 2000 is available in four publications: Professional (edition for workstations and experienced users), Server, Advanced Server and Datacenter Server (for applying on servers). In addition, there is a "limited edition" of Windows 2000 ADVANCED Server Limited Edition and Windows 2000 Datacenter Server Limited Edition, designed to work on 64-bit Intel Itanium processors.
Some of the most significant improvements in Windows 2000 compared to Windows NT 4.0 are: support directory service Active Directory.. The Active Directory server part comes with the Server, Advanced Server and Datacenter Server publication, while the full support for the customer's side is performed by Professional Edition. IIS service version 5.0. Compared to IIS 4.0, this version includes, among other things, version 3.0 ASP web programming system. The NTFS file system version 3.0 (also called NTFS 5.0 on the internal version of Windows 2000 - NT 5.0). In this version, NTFS first appeared support for quotas, that is, restrictions on the maximum volume of stored files for each user. Updated user interface that includes Active Desktop based on Internet Explorer version 5 and similar, thus, the Windows 98 interface. Language integration: Previous versions of Windows were produced in three versions - for European languages \u200b\u200b(single-way symbols, the letter only from left to right) for Far Eastern languages (multibyte characters) and for Middle Eastern languages \u200b\u200b(a letter to the right to left with contextual options of letters). Windows 2000 unites these opportunities; All its localized versions are made on a single basis.
Subsequently, Windows 2000 has been replaced by Windows XP operating systems (on the client side) and Windows Server 2003 (on the server side). However, Windows 2000 retains its popularity, especially in large companies, where the updating of operating systems on a large number of computers is associated with serious technical and financial difficulties. According to the ASSETMETRIX study, in early 2005, the share of Windows 2000 among Windows operating systems for workstations in companies with more than 250 computers is more than 50%. At the same time in companies with less than 250 windows computers XP is more popular. Microsoft Corporation on June 30, 2005 ceased main support for the Windows 2000 operating system. Extended support will be saved until June 30, 2010.
Windows Me.
Windows MILLENNIUM EDITION (Windows ME; Windows ME abbreviation is also used) - Mixed 16/32-bit operating system issued by Microsoft on September 14, 2000. It was named so in honor of the new III Millennium (Lat. Millennium - Millennium).
From its predecessors - Windows 95 and Windows 98 - has relatively small updates, such as the new Internet Explorer 5.5 and Windows Media Player 7. Windows Movie Maker also appeared with the basic functions of editing digital video. The system interface has changed - the capabilities that appeared in Windows 2000 have been added to it.
One of the most notable changes in Windows ME - the real MS-DOS mode is blocked in the standard system configuration, because of which it is impossible to use the programs that require this mode. However, with help special utilities This feature can be unlocked. Windows ME load does not differ from the similar process of Windows 95 and 98.
Windows XP.
Windows XP (code name when developing - Whistler; Internal version - Windows NT 5.1) - Windows NT Operating System from Microsoft Corporation. It was released on October 25, 2001 and is the development of Windows 2000 Professional. The name XP comes from the English. Experience. The name went into the practice of using as a professional version.
Unlike the previous Windows 2000 system, which was supplied both in the server and in client versions, Windows XP is exclusively by the client system. Its server version is the Windows Server 2003 system. Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 are built on the basis of the same operating system core, as a result, their development and update are more or less in parallel.
Microsoft since April 14, 2009 ceased to support the Windows XP operating system (OC) support, now Windows XP users will not be able to contact Microsoft for free technical support in the event of incidents, to change design and in other situations. Now they will have to use the services of "extended support" - this means that all appeals will be paid. Extended support will be carried out until April 8, 2014.
In addition, free support for office package Office 2003, as well as Windows Server 2003, has stopped.
Windows XP analyzes the performance of the system with certain visual effects and, depending on this, activates them or not, given the possible fall or increase in performance. Users can also change these parameters using the settings dialog boxes, while you can either flexibly select the activity of certain visual effects, or to give it to the system management or choose maximum productivity or the best type of graphical interface. Some effects, such as alpha mixture, etc., require the presence of a productive graphic subsystem, on old video cards, performance can hardly fall and Microsoft recommends disconnecting these possibilities in this case.
Windows XP has the ability to use "Visual Styles" to change the graphical user interface. LUNA is a new graphical interface style that is included in the XP delivery and is the default interface for a PC with more than 64 megabytes RAM. It is possible to use other "Visual Styles", but they must be signed by the Microsoft digital signature (since they are important in the system functioning).
To bypass this restriction, some users use special software, such as TGTSoft's StyleXP, and sometimes a modified version of the uxtheme.dll library.
There is also a "classic" style, repeating Windows 2000 interface style (which uses less memory to 4 MB than LUNA), as well as numerous styles created by third-party developers. For the MEDIA Center Microsoft version, I developed a "Visual Style" "Royale", which is included in this version of Windows XP and is available for installation in other versions of XP.
For Windows XP, more than 100 icons were created by The iconfactory, known for its set of free icons for the Mac OS X operating system.
Windows XP also has a command line interface (CLI, "Console"), cmd.exe, to manage the system commands from the console or running scripts called "command files" (with CMD extensions), based on "batch" (Batch) MS files -Dos. The Windows XP CLI syntax is not very well documented in the built-in help system. More detailed information can be obtained by typing in the Help command prompt for general information about the available commands and the "command name /?". The command line interface is available as in the form of the window and in full-screen form (switching between them is carried out by pressing Alt + Enter), the preferred view can be specified in the appropriate settings dialog, along with parameters such as the size and type of fonts, etc. Working in this mode, the user can call previous commands (so, the "Up" key returns the previous command), use the autocomposition of the names of files and directories, as well as commands.
Microsoft periodically releases update packages (Service Packs) of their operating systems that eliminate identified problems and adding new features. At the moment there are three.
Service Pack 1 (SP1) for Windows XP was released on September 9, 2002. The most important innovations were the support of USB 2.0, utility that allows you to select the default program to view web, mail, instant messaging, as well as various implementations virtual machine Java. Starting with the SP1, the EFS encryption file system has been able to use AES encryption algorithm with a 256-bit key.
Starting with SP1 supported LBA-48, which allows the operating system to work with the HDD capacity of more than 137 GB activated by default.
Service Pack 2 (SP2) (SPRINGBOARD code name) was released on August 6, 2004. SP2 added new features in Windows XP, including improved firewall; Wi-Fi support with the setup and Bluetooth wizard, as well as improvements in IE6 - for example, the ability to block "pop-up" windows. This service pack made significant changes to the security of Windows XP. So, the built-in firewall has been subjected to significant changes, which was renamed Windows Firewall and is now activated for all the default connections created. There was advanced memory protection, in particular, from the attacks of buffer overflow both using the NX-bit technology and a number of other techniques. Changes have affected and services - services such as Telnet and messages are disabled by default, a number of services are launched with reduced rights, etc. The security changes affected the Outlook Express email program and IE browser. Windows XP Service Pack 2 includes Windows Security Center, which makes it easier to monitor the security of the system, watching and reminding the user about the need to install or update the antivirus and its databases, activate the built-in or third-party firewall, update the operating system or change the web browser settings . Third-party antiviruses and firewalls have the ability to interact with it using the API interface. The autorun functions were also improved when loading CDs or connecting flash drives and similar devices.
In early August 2007, Microsoft began beta testing SP3 among a limited group of beta testers. Despite the fact that the beta version was transferred only to the chosen one, its distribution appeared in peergaging networks. From December 12, 2007, the RC1 SP3 version is available for download and testing to everyone.
The final version of the update package 3 for Windows XP was represented on April 21, 2008, but only for business customers, such as manufacturers of original equipment and MSDN and TechNet subscribers. The remaining users were able to get the third service pack from the Windows Update online service or through the Microsoft download center on May 6, as well as using the automatic update service at the beginning of summer. Initially, the RTM version of Windows XP SP3 came out in Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese, Korean and Spanish. [The source is not specified 72 days] and only on May 5, the remaining 18 localizations were issued.
The package includes all updates issued after the release of Windows XP Service Pack 2 in 2004, as well as a number of other new items. Among them, the protection function network access (Network Access Protection) and a new activation model borrowed from Windows Vista, in addition, an improved function appeared detecting the so-called "black holes" routers, etc.
From July 1, 2008, Microsoft stopped windows sales XP SP2 to its suppliers. At the moment, Windows XP SP3 is supplied in OEM and BOX supplies, Daungrade is possible in the framework of corporate licensing. As well as on sale is Get Genuine Kit Windows XP SP3 designed to licensing the installed pirate software, as part of corporate licensing the Get Genuine Solution Windows XP package.
Windows XP Service Pack 3 will also spread as part windows component 7 "Windows XP MODE"
Windows Server 2003.
Windows Server 2003 (code name when developing - Whistler Server, internal version - Windows NT 5.2) - the Windows NT family operating system from Microsoft, designed to work on servers. She was released on April 24, 2003.
Windows Server 2003 is the development of Windows 2000 Server and the Windows XP operating system. Initially, Microsoft planned to name this product "Windows .NET Server" in order to promote its new Microsoft .NET platform. However, subsequently, this name was discarded not to cause an incorrect view of O.NET in the software market.
Windows Server 2008 is the next server version of Windows NT, which will have to replace Windows Server 2003.
Windows Server 2003 is mainly developing the functions embedded in the previous version of the system - Windows 2000 Server. This indicated the version of NT 5.2 of the System Core (NT 5.0 for Windows 2000). Below are some of the most notable changes in comparison with Windows 2000 Server.
Windows Server 2003 is the first of Microsoft operating systems, which comes with a pre-installed envelope .NET Framework. This allows this system to act as an application server for the Microsoft .NET platform without installing any additional software.
The Windows Server 2003 provides version 6.0 of Internet Information Services, the architecture of which is significantly different from the IIS 5.0 services architecture available in Windows 2000. In particular, to increase stability it became possible to isolate applications from each other in separate processes without reducing performance. A new HTTP.SYS driver was created to handle HTTP requests. This driver works in kernel mode, resulting in processing requests accelerates.
According to Microsoft, in Windows Server 2003, a lot of attention was paid to the security of the system. In particular, the system is now installed as limited as possible, without any additional services, which reduces the surface of the attack. Windows Server 2003 also includes the Internet Connection Firewall software firewall. Subsequently, the system was released a package of an update, which is fully focused on improving the security of the system and includes several additional functions to protect against attacks. According to the US Security Standard Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) Windows Server 2003 system refers to C2 security class - Controlled Access Protection
In Windows Server 2003, for the first time, the Tom shadow copy service appeared (English Volume Shadow Copy Service), which automatically saves old versions of user files, allowing you to return to the previous version of this or that document if necessary. Working with shadow copies is possible only when the "Shadow Copy Client" is installed on the user's PC, the documents of which must be restored.
Also in this version of the system, a set of administration utilities caused from the command line was expanded, which simplifies the automation of the system management.
A new concept has been introduced - "Roles", they are based on the management of the server. Simply put, to get a file server, you must add a role - "file server".
Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCS
Windows FLP or Windows Fundamentals for LEGAS PCS (Code Name: Eiger) - mICROSOFT version Windows, published July 8, 2006. - Compact OS from Microsoft for outdated PC, based on Microsoft Windows XP Embedded Service Pack 2. Ensures use with terminal servers (Microsoft, Citrix). It is also possible to launch a small number of local applications.
Windows Vista.
Windows Vista is the Microsoft Windows NT family operating system, operating system line used on user personal computers. In the development stage, this operating system had the code name "Longhorn".
In the Windows NT Windows Vista product line, version 6.0 service (Windows 2000 - 5.0, Windows XP - 5.1, Windows Server 2003 - 5.2). To refer to Windows Vista, the WinVI abbreviation is used, which combines the name "Vista" and the version number recorded by Roman numbers.
Windows Vista, like Windows XP, is an exclusively client system. Microsoft also released the server version of Windows Vista - Windows Server 2008.
November 30, 2006 Microsoft officially released Windows Vista and Office 2007 for corporate clients. On January 30, 2007, sales of the system for ordinary users began.
At an early stage of development, the system was known under the code name Longhorn (named Longhorn Saloon Bar near the Wentler ski resort in British Columbia). The name "Vista" was announced on July 22, 2005. A few months later, Microsoft also renamed Windows Longhorn Server in Windows Server 2008. From November 8, 2006, the full version of Windows Vista is available for equipment manufacturers. Public release for end users took place on January 30, 2007.
It is worth noting that many functions that have been planned in Windows Vista have been omitted by Microsoft because of the public outrage. For example, it was assumed that OpenGL will be implemented as a superstructure over Direct3D. This would lead to a serious drop in the performance of OpenGL compared to the Direct3D and to fix the version of OpenGL. Fears were not justified, support for OpenGL in Windows Vista remained. Not entered in Windows Vista and the WinFS file system - this time due to performance problems.
Among the features of Windows Wista should be allocated:
1. According to Microsoft, the system loading time is less than in Windows XP and most computers are less than a minute. Reduced input and output time from sleep mode up to 6 seconds. But with the advent of the user interface, it is necessary to wait much longer to start a full-fledged job until it goes background processes Through third-party programs that are very imperative that Windows Vista is the worst Microsoft operating system. Also, Windows Vista ranked first in the failure of the Year Competition, held by the Pwnie Award website established in 2007. Moreover, by the assumption of the website The Inquirer.net, for a number of unprecedented promotions associated with the promotion of WV on the market, it can be concluded that the Microsoft guide recognized Windows Vista failure
2. Thanks to the technology of "Windows ReadyBoost" it became possible to use the tank external USB Flash drives as RAM, which in some cases increases productivity by 40%.
3. The logical model of interaction with graphics devices is completely redesigned.
4. USER ACCOUNT CONTROL (UAC) - control system accounts Users that require an explicit user permission when performing any action requiring administrative authority, regardless of the rights of the current user account. If the user is not an administrator, a request will be displayed in which you can select an administrative account and perform operation with its rights, entering a password - this allows you to configure the system and install applications from a limited user account without using the Runas mechanism and without switching To another account (which was required in XP, for example, in the event of a change in TCP / IP parameters). If the user enters the Administrators group, then it will be required (when default settings) confirm the use of rights, responding to the system request. UAC requests data in Secure Desktop mode, which is protected from the interception of data and control over the side of the third-party software (approximately the same mode was used when entering the NT domain with the requirement of double clicking Ctrl-Alt-Del). UAC can be disabled for individual categories of accounts and reconfigure using a local (or group when used in the domain) security policy: for example, you can set a mandatory password to use administrative powers by all users (including administrators), prohibit these actions to users of limited accounts and t. d.
5. BitLocker disk encryption - provides the ability to encrypt the system disk using the command line interface and other sections. This uses USB key or Trusted Platform Module to store encryption keys. To encrypt partitions, by default, an AES algorithm is used with a 128 bits key in CBC encryption mode. This feature is present in Vista Enterprise or Ultimate versions.
6. EFS file encryption system. This system, which appeared for the first time in Windows 2000, works in Vista Business, Enterprise or Ultimate versions and makes it possible for "transparent" file encryption at the AES algorithms (with a 256-bit key) or 3-DES. For each file, the encryption key is randomly generated, which, in turn, is encrypted by public key users (by default 2048 bits). In Vista, using a politician, it was possible to set the different length of the user's public key (1024, 2048, 4096, ...), save the key on smart cards (default, the key is stored locally protected by password user) and encrypt the paging file, as well as require a mandatory Encrypt user folder with documents.
7. Preventing infection with viruses from recoverable media. By default, Windows Vista disabled autorun programs from flash cards and USB devices. This prevents computer infecting with viruses that apply through flash cards. Also there are policies control access to external media (including USB), which also contributes to the protection of confidential data.
8. Lock direct recording on the disk. Windows Vista prohibits direct record to the disk (\\\\. \\ PhysicalDrivex) if the file system is mounted from the disk.
It is believed that Windows Vista is the worst Microsoft operating system. Also, Windows Vista ranked first in the failure of the Year Competition, held by the Pwnie Award website established in 2007. Moreover, by the assumption of the site The Inquirer.net, for a number of unprecedented promotions associated with the promotion of the WV on the market, it can be concluded that Microsoft's guide recognized Windows Vista failure.
Windows Home Server
Windows Home Server is a Microsoft server operating system, which is built on the basis of Windows Server 2003 SP2 and is focused on home users (which can be seen from the name - HOME - home) for use in home networks.
Windows Server 2008.
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 (Longhorn Server code name) is a new version of the Server Operating System from Microsoft. This version should be replaced by Windows Server 2003 as a representative of the Vista generation operating systems (NT 6.x).
Windows Server 2008 includes an installation option called Server Core (Russk. Installing server kernel). Server Core is a significant lightweight installation of Windows Server 2008 to which the Windows Explorer shell is not enabled. All setting and maintenance is performed using the Windows command line interface, or connecting to the server is remotely via the control console. At the same time, notepad and some control panel elements, for example, regional settings are available.
In Windows Server 2008, a significant update of Terminal Services (Terminal Services) has occurred. Terminal services are now supported by Remote Desktop Protocol 6.0. The most noticeable improvement, called Terminal Services RemoteApp, allows you to publish one specific application, instead of the entire desktop.
Another important feature added to Terminal Services is Terminal Services Gateway and Terminal Services Web Access (now completely via the Web interface). Terminal Services Gateway allows authorized computers to safely connect to terminal services or remote desktop from the Internet using RDP via HTTPS without using VPN. For this you do not need to open an additional port on firewall; RDP traffic tunneled via https. Terminal Services Web Access allows administrators to access terminal services via the Web interface. When using TS Gateway and TS RemoteApp, data transmission occurs through HTTP (s) and deleted applications look for the user as if they are launched locally. Several applications run through one session to ensure the lack of need for additional user licenses.
Thanks to Terminal Services Easy Print Administrators no longer need to install any drivers for printers to the server. In this case, Easy Print Driver redirects the user interface and all the features of the source printer. In addition, it improves performance when transmitting print jobs by transferring tasks to XPS format before sending to the client.
Windows Server 2008 The first Windows operating system released with the built-in Windows PowerShell expanded by the shell with the command line interface and the accompanying language of the scenarios developed by Microsoft. The PowerShell scenario language was designed specifically for administrative tasks, and can replace the need for CMD.exe and Windows Script Host.
Self-leveling NTFS
If in previous versions of Windows operating system detected errors in the NTFS volume system, it marked how "dirty"; Fixing errors on volume could not be performed immediately. With self-setting NTFS, instead of blocking all volumes, only corrupted files / folders remain unavailable at the correction time. Thanks to this, there is no more need to restart the server to correct the file system errors.
Also, the operating system now displays information s.m.a.r.t. Hard drives to help determine the possible hard disk failures. For the first time this feature appeared in Windows Vista.
Server Manager This is a new role-based management tool Windows Server 2008. It is a combination of data management and security wizard from Windows Server 2003. Server Manager is an improved dialog for the server setup wizard that started by default in Windows Server 2003 when logging into the system. Now it allows not only to add new roles, but also combines all operations that users can perform on the server, and also provides consolidated, made in the form of a single portal. Displays the current state of each role.
At the moment, the remote use of Server Manager is impossible, however, the creation of the client version is scheduled.
Windows 7.
Windows 7 (previously known under the code names of Blackcomb and Vienna) is the version of the computer operating system of the Windows NT family, following Windows Vista. In the Windows NT line, the system is version 6.1 (Windows 2000 - 5.0, Windows XP - 5.1, Windows Server 2003 - 5.2, Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 - 6.0). The server version is Windows Server 2008 R2.
Microsoft made a statement that the operating system will go on sale on October 22, 2009, less than three years after the release of the previous operating system, Windows Vista. Partners and customers with license VOLUME LICENSING, access to RTM was provided on July 24, 2009.
Windows 7 has entered both some developments, excluded from Windows Vista and innovations in the interface and embedded programs.
In Windows 7 there will be a function of disabling or turning on the Internet Explorer browser.
Windows 7 will have support for multitouch monitors. This feature has been demonstrated by Amicrosoft at the annual Conference Teched'08 in Orlando. During the demonstration, an assembly was used 6.1.6856, as well as an experienced laptop model with a multitouch screen. According to some information, Windows 7 will be partially implemented by the functional planned in Windows Vista (there was a "Longhorn" code name). Close integration with Windows Live programs and services is also planned.
In Windows 7, a more flexible configuration of User Account Control (UAC) is implemented, which, unlike Windows Vista, has two other intermediate states between the "Enable" and "Turn off" modes.
Changes have been made to BitLocker encryption technology, and the BitLocker to Go encryption function has been added to encrypt the removable media, and even in the absence of the TPM module.
Improvements touched and Windows Firewall - a program notification function has returned to block the program that tries to access the network.
Windows 7 will not be able to play licensed Blu-ray disks with video, however, it will be able to read and record information on them.
Using Group Policy and the AppLocker function, you can prohibit the launch of certain applications.
The Branch Cache feature will reduce delays in users working with a computer remotely. For example, the file available over the network is cached locally, so it downloads no longer from a remote server, but from the local computer. This feature can operate in two modes - Hosted Cache and Distributed Cache. In the first case, the file is stored on a highlighted local server running Windows Server 2008 R2, in the second - on the client's computer.
The DirectAccess feature allows you to install a secure connection to the server in the background, unlike the VPN, which requires the participation of the user. Also DirectAccess can apply group policies before entering the user login.
Remote Desktop Host allows the user to connect to remote computer with administrator rights.
Microsoft also considers the ability to release Windows 7 not only on optical disks, but also on flash media, which should simplify the process of installing the platform on netbooks that do not have a built-in drive for optical media.
Windows 7 will also use Sandbox-mode, the introduction of which was discussed during the alpha and beta testing (at the development stage of Longhorn). The entire uncontrollable code will be launched in an environment (sandbox) in which the operating system will limit the access of the program to the computer hardware and network. Access to low-level sockets, as well as direct file system access, level of abstraction from equipment (Hardware Abstract Layer or Hal), full access to the memory address will be prohibited. All access to external applications, files and protocols will be regulated by the operating system and immediately stop (theoretically). If this approach is successful, then it promises almost complete safety, since with this approach, the malicious program is theoretically impossible to cause any damage to the system if it is blocked inside the metaphorical "glass box". This approach causes association with Virtual PC. If everything is correct, this environment will be able to adapt to the code base, which was written in his language. This will remove most of the problems that arise as a result of backward compatibility when switching to the new operating system.
When using applications in BETA 1, memory leaks were detected in some applications that led to full hang, despite the sandbox mode. Theoretically, if the regime is not more effective, it may cause a surge in the development of programs that intentionally use these vulnerabilities for their own purposes.
Bill Gates mentioned an universally implemented instant search string (Spotlight analogue). The content indexing service has developed from Windows XP, and a similar search string was enabled in Windows Vista. Also in Windows 7, DirectX 11 is used.
Will Windows 7 get a new core?
Not. Although I must say that such developments were conducted. At least, so stated one of the Microsoft engineers back in October last year. According to his post, 200 programmers companies worked on a decrease in the kernel for Windows 7. The kernel even got the name of Minwin and should have been six times less memory than the Vista core.
However, Flores and Sinofsky stated that Windows 7 would not receive a new core. "Contrary to some speculation, Microsoft does not create a new kernel for Windows 7," Flores said. However, Sinofsky said several differently, "... The kernel in Windows Server 2008 is the evolution of the Windows Vista kernel, and the Windows 7 kernel will be the further evolution of this nucleus."
Windows Server 2008 R2
Windows Server 2008 R2 is the development of the Windows 7 server version. It will be available on October 22, 2009. Like Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2 will use the Windows NT 6.1 kernel. New features include improved virtualization, a new version of Active Directory, Internet Information Services 7.5 and support to 256 processors. The system will be released only in a 64-bit variant. Also removed support for downloading Windows from sections containing MBR.
Microsoft announced Windows Server 2008 R2 at the Professional Developers Conference Conference as Windows Server Option 7. On January 7, 2009, the Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 beta became available to Microsoft TechNet and MSDN subscribers who participated in the preliminary familiarization program from Windows 7. January 9 beta The version has become publicly available to download in the Microsoft download center. April 30, 2009 - Release-Candidate (RC) became available to TechNet and MSDN subscribers. On May 5, 2009 - Windows Server 2008 R2 RC is available at the Microsoft Download Center on June 2, 2009 - Microsoft announced that the RTM version will be available to Microsoft partners in the second half of July 2009. The release on sale will be held on October 22, 2009.
Currently, Microsoft Windows is installed about 88% of personal computers and workstations. In addition, the turnover is dialing (about 10%) and its competitor - Mac OS X. Despite competition, Microsoft and Apple cooperate, constantly increasing the compatibility of two systems.
The newer installed software on a computer, a tablet or laptop, the better, at least so thinks by Microsoft, and that is why it is all available tools and methods imposes users to users their brand software of a new generation, and are Windows 10 and Office Office Package 365. However, the world is full of people who use electronic devices running on Windows 7, Windows XP and even Windows ME. Alas, but the developers of these platforms does not care, because, in their opinion, these are already too much outdated, and all those who use them are the most real burden.
That is why Microsoft went to the next meanness, deciding to strike on all users of their own operating systems. Its representatives justified such actions in such a way the company will be able to save large amounts of money on an ongoing basis, however, in fact, this is a lie, users consider. The fact is that the content of those servers that were disabled, the company spends several tens of thousands of dollars a month, which by the standards of its income is a drop in the sea. In this regard, it is obvious that the true reason is to more actively draw users to a modern Windows 10 platform.
So, in particular, on all computers, tablets and laptops to which Windows 7, Windows XP operating systems are installed, and even Windows ME, any standard games are not working if you play a multiplayer. All these servers have been disabled, in connection with which now play with real rivals, for example, "checkers" or "chess" is not possible. If Microsoft actually worried so much for their money, engaging the business optimization, she could simply publish the source code of its servers and games so that everyone could support their work, but there was nothing to do anything, and this is certainly not the best The way characterizes the company.
All this can not be regarded in any way otherwise, except for the last nail into the coffin of Windows 7 and other popular OS of Microsoft, which she tries to spoil in every way to make it so that users of any electronic devices under their control have experienced any inconvenience. All this, of course, grieves very many, because not everyone likes new Windows 10, especially since its basic editors HOME costs as much as $ 200 (13 500 rubles), that is, very and very much. Most likely, in the near future, the American corporation will come up with something else to "undermine" the spirit of users of obsolete operating systems, giving them another reason for the update.
The next assembly of the game Windows 7 x64 Professional SP1 by Cuta 2.7 download torrent for stable work in heavy games and applications. Especially for gamers was composed of the game Windows Seven Professional x64 download torrent is offered with the author's changes and additions that are implemented to improve the operation of the OS. There is also a package of updates. The basis served the licensed Win7 Pro from the Microsoft Developer. The system takes only 20 GB, it can be installed on an SSD or a conventional hard drive.
Update date: 17-09-2019 UpdatePack7 R2.
Version: Windows 7 64bit SP1 Professional
Interface language: Rus English
Tablet: Included
First source: www.microsoft.com.
Assembly author: By Cuta 2.7.
Folder size: 4.63 GB.
Download Game Windows 7 X64 Professional SP1 by Cuta 2.7 Torrent
COMPUTER REQUIREMENTS
20 free gigabytes for installation;
DIRECT X 9 support;
Processor frequency from 1 gigarets;
2 gigabytes of RAM.
Screenshots Game Windows Seven Professional x64
Useful additions
After installation, applications that users do not use are disconnected in the classic system, thus saved place.
Installed UpdatePack7R2 with OS updates, relevant on September 17, 2019. It contains drivers for NVME and new USB.
The standard icons of files and disks changed, a background picture was changed at the start of the OS, a gamer theme appeared.
Boot.wim seven replaced the file extracted out of the tens. Also installed the eleventh IE, increased windows and ease of use.
Changes from Cuta.
For convenience, the game Windows seven professional x64 download torrent image can be installed on this page, installed with remote applications, new tweaks.
What was turned off
The author turned off Super Fetch, indexing files, diagnostic policies, as well as a number of unnecessary users of services: Enter a tablet computer, compatibility assistant and system error registration form.
Audio auto-level settings, hibernation mode, animated effects in windows, setting off HDD, UAC, browser and system auto updates, nuclear parking.
What was added
Actions to optimize the start of Windows, demonstrate file extensions. Added the calculation of the device's power plan, fixing the weight of the paging file. There are new icons, separate folders for PC and user.
Set of settings
Twils are embedded, with which high performance windows, Direct x 3D and NTFS are achieved. Active processes turned out higher priority. The operation of devices included via USB stops when removing the media.
What is extracted from the assembly
Series of software and services:
Autochk;
Defender;
MemoryDiagnostic;
RAC;
Diagnosis;
ErrorReporting;
MobilePC;
Media center;
WDI;
Customer and Application Experience;
PowerFFICIENCY Diagnostics.
Which is excellent in 2.7 from previous versions
This is another Cuta assembly - game Windows Seven Professional x64 download torrent new version Award with an updated Asmedia driver, without the function forced testing DVD when installed, and also with pack for updates.
A little about playing
The gamers have implemented a special mode, run which can be used when passing games. GameMode.exe is responsible for it, you can find the utility in the labels that are unpacked on the desktop.
Drivers included in the system
For NVME integrated the driver package on Intelstorage, Micron, SamsungController, Ocz, Open Fabrics Alliance.
For the latest USB: Texas, AMD, Frescologic, As Media, Via, Intelmod, Cypress, Renesas, Etron.
Tips for work
Stabilize the work of the game Windows Seven Professional x64 Download the ISO torrent will be small, it is also necessary to install frameworks and a number of libraries (Visual C ++, Direct x 9).
Disk defragmentation is included in their properties - automatically set the mode is not possible, only each time manually run and stop.
Installation on GPT UEFI Flash
You can make the loading flash media via portable software: for example, RUFUS. In the first window that opens, the files are selected ISO Image Game seven that were downloaded by torrent.
Next, you must specify the media and set the settings according to which the original image will be recorded.
Getting started (program start button) means that the flash drive is formatted and cleaned from unnecessary information, then ISO will be recorded on a clean medium with Windows 7. At the end, the flash card with the UEFI mode will be ready.
Attention! In some builds, the default settings are already set. browser Chrome.The starting page leads to the search engine Go.Mail.ru. Everyone has the ability to change the search engine to any other.
Windows 7 features of versions and which Windows 7 is better? This question worries everyone who wants to reinstall or establish itself on a laptop or computer Windows operating system 7.
What Windows 7 is better?
Despite the abundance of new versions of the Windows operating system and stopping support for version 7, it still remains quite a lot of adherents. This is not surprising, according to many experts, this is one of the most successful versions from Microsoft. But even within one generation, several variants of the operating system are presented, which puts the user to a pretty difficult choice. Let's try to figure out: what is the difference between them?Why do you need different versions of Windows 7?
Users of this operating system are millions of people. Each of them has its own requirements, preferences and tastes. In addition, all different financial capabilities. Therefore, it is quite necessary to spend $ 300 to a more expensive full-featured version, if the user needs a minimum set of functions that will be almost twice as cheaper. Therefore, having studied the requirements and preferences of potential buyers, Microsoft has developed and released several versions of the Windows 7 operating system:STARTER EDITION);
Home basic (Home Basic);
Home Premium (Home Premium);
Professional (Professional Edition);
Maximum (Ultimate Edition);
Corporate (Enterprise).
In such a variety it is easy to get confused, so before you choose a specific OS, you should familiarize yourself with the peculiarities of all
Main differences of starting and home versions
Immediately it is worth notifying that the start-up (Starter Edition) version of the OS is delivered only by OEM license. That is, only with the equipment. For example, when buying a new laptop. It has high speed, which is ensured by minimizing the tools used. Among opportunities, work in the home group and good compatibility of services and applications. However, it is impossible to buy it in retail - this license is not for sale.
Home basic version of Home Basic is provided only for sale in developing countries. The cost of its order is 100 US dollars. It has a modest interface without additional visual effects, good performance even on "weak" computers and laptops. But the premium version of Home Premium for home use has become optimal option For many users - efficiency and speed is successfully combined with a friendly, designer-thought-out interactive AERO Glass interface, a built-in media center, wide opportunities to work on the network and multitouch technology for sensory panels and touchpads.
Buying the HOME Premium version will cost about $ 150. It is important to note that both home options support 64-bit platforms in contrast to the start-presented only for 32-bit devices.
Advantages of Windows 7 Professional Edition
The "Business Class" version - allows you to join the domain, improve the reliability of data saving by creating backup copies, configure the computer or laptop for both the working and for the work and for home network. Also professional version allows you to do backups Not only individual files, but also the entire operating system as a whole.
Also, this OS already provides the ability to encrypt data, which significantly improves the reliability of data protection. If the software used to work is not supported by Windows 7, the user will be offered a compatibility mode that will allow you to work using the usual software. But the cost of such a system will vary in the limit of 200-230 dollars.
Windows 7 Ultimate - all at the maximum
The name speaks for itself - everything that could be provided in the release of Windows 7 here is present. Multilingual support erases any borders. Computer robots optimization functions allow you to squeeze a maximum of equipment using its power to all. With such a data security system, it is possible not to worry - this will take care of data encryption and the BitLocker data protection function. In the case of using connecting to corporate networks, the data will be protected by DirectAccess technology. Thanks to Microsoft Applocker technology, computers can be protected from launching unauthorized programs. In the case of corporate work, Windows 7 Ultimate will not be difficult to look for data in the working intranet. Of course, such a list of advantages is the corresponding price - approximately $ 300.
Windows 7 Enterprise - only for corporations
In fact, this version of the Windows 7 operating system is fully identical Ultimate, but offers a special licensed scheme for corporate users. System administrators BitLocker data protection and DirectAccess security data can be successfully used. BUT microsoft tools AppLocker will allow you to control the workflow and the use of third-party software.
How to choose the optimal version of Windows 7?
Before you begin to choose, you need to figure out the bit of its processor, because when choosing an incorrect version, it will not allow to install the operating system at all, or lead to its incorrect work. It is important to remember that Starter Edition is not provided for 64-bit hardware.Going for the purchase, you should decide on the amount that the user is ready to pay, as the difference of $ 150-200 dollars is very significant, especially for residents of poor countries. Therefore, with modest financial capabilities, it will be reasonable to stop your choice on home versions - they will provide all the necessary functionality that such a category of people is required. It is basically storing and viewing a photo and video, study, listening to music, Internet surfing, work in simple editors. Also that's optimal choice For low-power computers.
If the financial capabilities and level hardware Allow, then the most optimal option will be the choice of Windows 7 Ultimate. Also, this option for those who are clearly present, what tools he needs is sufficient experience in the setting and optimization of the operating system - in this case, this will allow us to rationalize the work at the computer.
For representatives of corporations, an option will be a corporate edition. It provides for high-quality information protection and ample opportunities for administration and work in intranets.
Representatives of the business class are ideal for a professional release. The data protection techniques used in it will ensure that it is safe to work and transmit any information, including financial.
Why are the assembly based on Windows 7 based?
Assemblies are called special collections of tools and software that allow you to configure and preparing to work a computer, laptop or netbook "from scratch". This kit, as a rule, includes tools for working with hard disks and equipment testing. Also included one or even several versions of the Windows operating systems. Often they are complemented by a set of applied software, which is most often installed: Office packages, players, image editors, programs for networking. These software collections are really great popularity, since they allow you to fully automate the process of installing the operating system, software, executing basic settings. To use them, it is enough to possess general cultural knowledge about the features of the operation of the OS. It is enough just to choose a version, specify the necessary programs and wait an hour and a half maximum. In addition, they allow you to have everything "at hand", on one or two flash media.
