The journalist Seth Shulman argues that the Englishman Bell was not the inventor of the telephone.
The history of phone patenting is amazing in its own way. It is known that Alexander Bell and Elijah Gray appeared at the US Patent Office in Washington on the same day, February 14, 1876. Bell applied for "A Telegraphic Device With Which Human Speech Can Be Transmitted." And two hours later, a famous electrical engineer from Chicago, Elijah Gray, came. His application was called "A device for transmitting and receiving vocal sounds by telegraph."
And so on March 7, 1876, Bell received inventor's certificate number 174465 for an "improved model of the telegraph", consisting of a wooden stand, an ear tube, an acid reservoir (battery), and copper wires. In other words, a telephone, the first working model of which was dubbed by the creator as a "gallows" for its characteristic shape. Gray was denied a patent.
Schulman claims that Gray was the "father" of the phone. The journalist refers to Bell's laboratory diary, which has recently become available to a wide range of researchers. Prior to that, access to Bell's diary was denied at the request of his heirs. Examining the diary entries, Shulman established that the idea of the invention appeared in Bell's notes only 12 days before the application for the device was sent. Previously, he unsuccessfully tried to implement a different principle of transmitting sounds through wires.
Moreover, Bell's application contains a drawing of a man with a telephone - almost exact copy figured in the package of documents for the invention, transferred by Gray to the Patent Office. Schulman also claims that subjective evidence that Bell borrowed the idea of a telephone from Gray is provided by the memoirs of the inventors' contemporaries. In them, Bell refused to testify at the trial, during which Gray tried to prove his right to the invention.
At the same time, the author of the book notes, even if the very idea of the phone did not belong to Bell, it was he who created the first working model of the device. Gray, if we assume that it was he who invented the principle of the telephone, did not advance beyond theoretical research.
I must say that the primacy in the invention of the telephone was contested by many, including the Italians Manzetti and Micci. Already in 1878, trials began in the United States, where Bell's primacy was contested. Almost three dozen people opposed him, claiming the invention of the main parts of the telephone. The court initially dismissed six claims. The claims of a number of scientists were taken into separate court proceedings, divided into 11 points, on each of which an independent decision was made. The court recognized Bell on eight counts, Edison on two, and McDonnaught one on one. Gray did not win a single point.
Bell's brainchild remained in the shadows until he decided to present the "newborn" in June 1876 at an industrial exhibition in Philadelphia. At first, all visitors indifferently walked past his apparatus. And just at the very close of the exhibition, the distinguished guest, the Emperor of Brazil Pedro II, stopped at the stand with the telephone. Interested in a technical novelty, he took the earpiece and put it to his ear. And he was so amazed to hear a human voice in it that he exclaimed: "My God! This thing talks!" And in an instant, Bell's invention became one of the sensations of the exhibition.
Curiously, for the last 40 years of his life, Bell flatly refused to install his creation at home, each time claiming that "at work this is a useful device, but at home it can turn your family life into hell."
Mobile communications in the USSR
We are all used to the fact that mobile technologies and the devices come from overseas. And communication standards (for example, GSM), and the phones themselves, and all the equipment of operators - bear the mark “Made in not-with-us”. The USA, Europe, Japan and even China provide us with a connection. And somehow it has already been forgotten that before we ourselves were leaders in this area. At one time, it was in our country that the world's first automatic mobile communication network was launched. And if not for the attitude of the Soviet leadership, (sabotage?) Perhaps we would still speak not by "nokiy", but by "vollemots" ...
Was there mobile communication in the USSR?
Such a question may seem strange to many, especially from the generation for which mobile communications are strongly associated with a plastic box with a large color screen, a bunch of buttons and buzzwords such as GPRS, WAP, 3G. Where could a mobile connection come from in the Cursed Scoop (s)?
Well, first of all, what is mobile communication in general? What is the definition of this term?
Mobile communication is a radio communication between subscribers, the location of one or more of which changes.
Mobile communications are cellular, trunking, satellite plus personal radio call systems and zonal SMRS (fixed channel through a repeater).
In other words, cellular communication (although this term is probably also not familiar to all users of this very type of communication) is just a kind of a broader concept - mobile communication. Moreover, it appeared much later than the first mobile radio communication systems in general.
The world's first mobile communication systems appeared after the First World War. So in 1921, the first radio-equipped police cars began to be used in the United States. But mobile communications of that time were almost completely used in highly specific forms, primarily military, police and all kinds of specialized services. They did not have access to public telephone networks, they were not automatic, so this period can be skipped.
The first mobile communication systems for the average consumer began to appear after the Second World War. However, these were also fairly limited in terms of capabilities of the system. The communication was one-way (simplex), that is, in the image of military radio stations - pressed the PTT - you say, let go - you listen. And the choice of a free radio channel with the subsequent connection to the ground telephone network was completely tame. The presence of a control room with telephone ladies and a manual switch was an indispensable attribute of such systems.
Those who remember the French film of the 60s "Razinya" may recall the episode when the hero of Louis de Funes spoke on such a "mobile phone" from his car. "Hello, young lady, give Smolny!"
A simple conclusion follows from this. The process of calling from a mobile phone should be indistinguishable from a call from a regular phone. This is exactly what will be the criterion mobile network communications of wide use.
So, the world's first fully automatic mobile communication system was created and put into operation in the Soviet Union. And for several years the USSR was the world leader in the field of mobile communications.
Altai. The first in the world.
See the first US patent in 1972!
U.S. Patent 3,663,762 - Cellular Mobile Communication System - Amos Edward Joel (Bell Labs), filed Dec 21, 1970, issued May 16, 1972 http://www.google.com/patents?vid=3663762 at this link and other patents , later
Work on an automatic mobile communications system called Altai began in 1958. In the city of Voronezh, in the Voronezh Research Institute of Communications (VNIIS), subscriber stations (in other words, telephones themselves) and base stations for communication with them were created. Antenna systems were developed at the Moscow State Specialized Design Institute (GSPI), in the same place where Soviet television was born. Leningraders worked on other components of Altai, and later enterprises from Belarus and Moldavia joined. Experts from different parts of the Soviet Union joined forces to create an absolutely unique product at that time - an automatic mobile communication.
Altai was supposed to become a full-fledged telephone installed in a car. It was simply possible to speak on it as on a regular telephone (i.e. the sound passed in both directions at the same time, the so-called duplex mode). To call another "Altai" or an ordinary phone, it was enough just to dial the number - as on a desk telephone, without any channel switching or conversations with the dispatcher.
It was not easy to realize this opportunity at the then technical level. There was, of course, no digital connection yet; the voice was broadcast in the usual way. But, in addition to voice, it was necessary to transmit special signals with the help of which the system itself could find a free radio channel, establish communication, transmit the dialed telephone number etc.
Now it seems natural to us to just dial the number on the buttons of the mobile phone. And in 1963, when the experimental zone of the Altai system was launched in Moscow, real phone in the car made a lasting impression. The developers tried to make it as similar as possible to the usual devices: Altai had a tube, and in some models even a dial for dialing. However, the disc was soon abandoned and replaced with buttons, since it was inconvenient to spin the disc in the car.
Party and economic leaders were delighted with new system... Car telephones soon appeared in the ZILs and Chaikas of the upper echelons of the Soviet leadership. They were followed by the "Volga" directors of the most important enterprises.
Altai was certainly not a full-fledged cellular system. Initially, one city together with the suburbs was served by only one base station with sixteen radio channels. But for small amount top bosses who had access to mobile communications, this was enough for the first time.
The system used a frequency range of 150 MHz - these are frequencies of the same order of magnitude as the meter range of television. Therefore, the antenna installed on a high tower made it possible to provide communication at a distance of up to tens of kilometers.
A similar system in the United States, IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone Service), was launched in the pilot zone a year later. And its commercial launch took place only in 1969. Meanwhile, in the USSR, by 1970, "Altai" was installed and successfully operated in about 30 cities!
By the way, about the IMTS system. There is one very interesting paragraph in the description of this system.
In the 70s and the early 80s, before the introduction of cellular phones, there were "waiting lists" of up to 3 years for those wishing to have mobile telephone service. These potential subscribers were literally waiting for other subscribers to disconnect their subscription in order to obtain a mobile telephone number and mobile phone service.
I translate:
In the 70s and early 80s before use cellular there were "waiting lists", up to 3 years, for those wishing to have a mobile connection. Potential subscribers were forced to wait until existing subscribers disconnect from the network in order to receive a telephone number and mobile network services.
Queues! Lists! Numbers! Here it is, the Damned Scoop (c) !!!
Of course, such tight restrictions were caused by the limited number of radio channels. But I specifically draw your attention to this, so that readers would understand that such systems could not be massive for purely technical reasons, and not because of someone's malicious intent.
For this reason, the phones of this system were very expensive (from 2 to 4 thousand dollars) and a minute of conversation cost from 70 cents to 1.2 dollars. Phones were often rented from a company rather than purchased.
And by the way, this system is still in operation in Canada and the United States.
Now in Moscow, Leningrad, Tashkent, Rostov, Kiev, Voronezh and many other cities (and regions) of the USSR, party and economic leaders could easily talk on the phone from the car. Our country, oddly enough to hear now, confidently led the way in the field of mobile communications.
In the 1970s, the Altai system was actively developing. New radio channels were allocated (22 "trunks" 8 channels each) in the 330 MHz range - i.e. at slightly longer wavelengths than decimeter television, which made it possible to provide a considerable range and simultaneously serve more subscribers. Thanks to the use of the first microcircuits, subscriber stations became more and more compact - although they still remained automobile (it was possible to carry the phone along with the batteries in a weighty suitcase).
By the mid-70s, the geography of the Altai system gradually expanded to 114 cities of the Soviet Union.
Special work on the modernization of equipment had to be carried out for the 1980 Moscow Olympics. Moreover, it was for the Olympics that the Altai base station moved to the Ostankino TV tower. Prior to that, she occupied the top two floors of a high-rise building on Kotelnicheskaya embankment.
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The famous building on the Kotelnicheskaya embankment. The three upper floors in the 60s were occupied by the equipment of the Altai system, which provided the Central Committee and the Supreme Soviet with excellent mobile communications.
At the 1980 Olympics, the communications of the modernized Altai-3M system were widely used and showed their best side. So, almost all journalistic reports from the competition passed through "Altai". Soviet signalmen became Olympic winners along with Soviet athletes; However, they did not get Olympic medals, but many leading developers received the USSR State Prize.
However, during the Olympics, restrictions of “Altai” began to appear. Sometimes journalists complained about bad connection; the engineers advised them to rearrange the car a little, and everything was right there and then.
In total, by the beginning of the 1980s, the number of subscribers to the Altai system was about 25 thousand.
For the wireless telephone to become widespread, further development of the system was required - in particular, the transition to the now habitual use of many base stations covering neighboring areas of the territory. And Soviet engineers were quite ready for this development. Unfortunately, not everything depended solely on this readiness.
VOLEMOT, which came too late.
In the early 1980s, specialists from VNIIS and other enterprises were ready to work on a new generation communication system. It was named "Volemot" (short for the names of the cities where the developers were located: Voronezh, Leningrad, Molodechno, Ternopil). A feature of Volemot was the ability to fully use a variety of base stations; during a conversation, it was possible to switch from one of them to another without losing the connection.
This function, now known as "handover" and allowing conversation on the move without any problems, made Volemot a full-fledged cellular connection. In addition, automatic roaming was supported: a Volemot device registered in the network of one city could be used in another. At the same time, the same 330 MHz band was used, and each base station could, if necessary, "cover" tens of square kilometers with communication.
Volemot ”could become a mass communication for the countryside, a“ loyal friend ”of collective farmers, summer residents and tourists. For this purpose, it would be better suited than the Western cellular systems developed during the same period (AMPS, NMT), since it was easy to ensure its operation over a very large area. But to serve many subscribers in a small area (in the city) "Volemot" was inferior to AMPS and NMT, however, further development, however, could solve this problem.
Mobile communications could well fit into the Soviet way of life and the communist ideology. Initially, telephones could, for example, be installed in villages and summer cottages for collective use and rented out in tourist clubs (for the duration of the trip). The service of a call from "Volemot" could appear on long-distance trains or buses. And, of course, no threat to "state security" arose - mobile communications without encryption devices are very easy to eavesdrop on. Therefore, in the future, it could well become available to all citizens of the country.
However, for several years the Volemot project did not manage to obtain the necessary funding and the development of the system proceeded very slowly. Meanwhile, cellular systems in the West were actively developing and gaining popularity. For the beginning - mid-1980s, the former leadership was lost.
"Volemot" was nevertheless completed by the end of the 1980s and was ready to begin deployment, but at that time "the process was already underway" and there was no question of the possibility of catching up with Europe and the United States.
Nevertheless, the system was launched in a number of cities in the early 90s and is still in operation, just like Altai. Today their main positioning is professional communication for various services, from taxis to ambulances.
But despite this, a full-fledged cellular connection managed to appear in the USSR. The first operator, the Leningrad-based Delta Telecom, began operations on September 9, 1991, three and a half months before the collapse of the USSR. This means that work on its installation began six months or a year before this event, when the events that followed in December in Belovezhskaya Pushcha were not predicted even by CIA analysts.
Something interesting. The first cell phones.
Mobile (or rather - car!) Phone of the early 80s by Nokia - Mobira Senator. The weight of the device is 15 kilograms.
Mobira Talkman - the phone of the second half of the 80s - early 90s. Its weight is already only 3 kg.
Motorola's first cell phone was the DynaTAC 8000X, launched on March 6, 1983. Its development cost about $ 100 million (at that time!).
The phone weighed 794 grams and measured 33x4.4x8.9 cm. The battery charge was enough for 1 hour of talk time or 8 hours of standby time. He had a memory for 30 numbers and ONE melody.
This phone cost $ 3995. He lasted 10 years on the cellular market.
Ameritech Mobile, the first commercial cellular network in the United States, had a monthly fee of $ 50, plus one minute of conversation cost users from 24 to 40 cents (depending on the call time). A year after the launch, there were 12 thousand subscribers in its network.
Long gone are the days when the presence of a mobile phone was perceived as something outlandish and insanely expensive. Today the telephone is a must-have thing for almost any person. With it, you can make calls, write letters, listen to music and much more. How was it before? Who Invented the Telephone?
Who invented the first telephone set
It's no secret that the phone was invented by the Americans. But before the invention of telegraphs and telephones, there were other ways of transmitting information over long distances. To signal an attack or other significant event, our ancestors used smoke, fire, whistles, drumming and gun shots. The disadvantage of such signal transmission was the distortion of sounds and the need to create intermediate points... The invention of the telephone we are used to was preceded by the discovery of the telegraph.
Who Invented the First Telephone in 1876? It was Alexander Bell. He, together with his assistant, worked on the creation of a "talking telegraph". The device worked with the help of an electric line, but the transmission was carried out no further than half a kilometer. The call was made through a tube using a whistle. Bell's telegraph was not originally equipped with a bell. Later, his colleague Watson added this important detail... The presence of the bell distinguished Bell's phone from all previously invented models. The phone requires a direct current to operate.
For a long time, the patent issued to Bell was one of the most demanded, but success did not come to the scientist immediately. Initially, he demonstrated his invention at exhibitions. They wrote about the phone in the newspapers. But Bell never made any income from the device. This was the case before his fateful trip to England. In the summer of 1877, Bell went on a trip with his girlfriend, not forgetting to grab the device. It was there that the demonstration of the device caused the approval of the public, and the rumor about the miracle machine reached the royal palace. Alexandra Bella invited Her Majesty to her place. Here he once again showed the capabilities of the apparatus. The queen was delighted.
Following the success of the electric telephone in England, Western Union formed the American Speaking Telephone Company, disregarding Bell's patent law. Bell's associates opened the New England Telephone Company. The leaders of the companies had to sort things out for a long time, until in 1879 the Bell Company joint company was born. Interestingly, throughout his life Bell flatly refused to install a phone at home, saying that the device could turn his life into hell.
Who invented the first dialing telephone
American citizen Elmon Brown Strowger invented the first dial-up telephone. The patent for this invention was issued in 1891. Mr Strowger owned a funeral home, but a competitor's wife worked telephone operator... All calls in which they asked to connect to the funeral home, she redirected to her husband. Strowger's business was on the brink of collapse. It was then that he thought about creating a device with a direct connection.
Strowger's ATC began operations in 1892. The phone model did not have holes for dialing numbers, they were replaced by teeth located in a circle. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Strowger's Automatic Electric Company released a landline telephone with finger holes familiar to us. The last improved model was released in 1907. Then nothing was heard about the development of the company until the moment of its buyout by Bell Systems. Curiously, Bell Systems itself released a rotary dial phone only in 1919.
Who invented mobile phone
Motorola employee Martin Cooper invented the first mobile phone. He made his first remote conversation in 1973 while walking down the street. One can only imagine the reaction of people to this invention. The very first phone in the world was not so perfect: the battery lasted for 20 minutes, and the dimensions were not so compact.
Although the right of the Americans to primacy can be challenged, after all, back in 1957, Soviet radio engineer Leonid Ivanovich Kupriyanovich invented the first model weighing 3 kg. But who in the Soviet Union thought about patents? The first phone went on sale in America on June 13, 1983. In the first year alone, it was purchased by more than 300 thousand Americans.
Today mobile phones are produced for every taste and color. Manufacturers boldly keep pace with the times to satisfy any need. Wondering what the phone of the future will look like?
With the advent of the first telegraph in 1837, which gave the world the ability to transmit information at a distance, people's lives changed radically. But the appearance of the first telephone set, with the help of which remote sound transmission was realized, became a real sensation.
Today, no one can even imagine themselves without a personal mobile phone. Technologies do not stand still, the telephone market is constantly expanding and annually presents consumers with new, improved models. But let's remember how it all began, who invented the first telephone, how mobile phones appeared and what is the success of modern Apple models.
Creating your first phone
The first telephone was introduced in 1876 in the United States of America, and became the creator who patented his invention. Initially, Bell's phone worked at a distance of 200 meters, but the scientist did not stop working and improving his invention, and a year later the phone underwent such an upgrade that it remained unchanged after it for another 100 years.
Bell's first phone The very creation of the phone by Bell was not planned. The goal facing the scientist was to improve the telegraph - he tried to achieve the transmission of 5 telegrams at the same time. In the process of work, records were created with different frequencies, one of which once failed. Bell's partner got angry and started cursing. And Bell, who was at that time at the receiving apparatus, unexpectedly heard the voice of his own partner in the distance. From this moment, the history of the creation of the first telephone begins.
Bell's "telephone" patent is considered one of the most lucrative in the United States and in the world. He brought the creator wealth and worldwide recognition, and the name of Alexander Bell has gone down in history forever.
First mobile phone
The idea of creating mobile phones appeared in the middle of the 20th century, and again in the United States of America.
In 1947, Bell Laboratories put forward a proposal to create a mobile phone. True, by this they meant a device that will be mounted in a car, since the weight of the phone was 30-40 kg without a power source. Only in the 70s, the weight of the phones was reduced to 14 kg, but the power supply was still located in the car.
Until 1972, Motorola had nothing to do with cell phones, the main goal of the company was considered to be the creation of portable radios. Everything changed thanks to an ordinary employee of the company, Martin Cooper, who at one random moment came to the conclusion that creating an oversized cell phone was real. After sharing this discovery with colleagues, he embarked on development, which continued for a year.
In 1973, the Dyna-Tac was ready. It was a small-sized cell phone by those standards, weighing 1.15 kg and measuring 22.5 * 12.5 * 3.75 cm. It had 10 numeric keys, a call and end-call button. The phone had no display. The battery withstood 35 minutes of continuous talk, but after that it took 10 hours to charge the phone.
To implement the invention, it only remained to test it in practice. It happened on April 3, 1973 in New York. The first "training" station was mounted on the roof of a 50-storey building, and Martin Cooper personally conducted an experiment by recruiting the head of Bell Laboratories and talking to him on cell phone... It was a triumph that was the first step in the rapid development and improvement of "hand-held" mobile phones.
The emergence of touchscreen phones
It will seem surprising, but the first touchscreen phone was not widespread among users, and the creator company even refused to further work in the field mobile devices.
This happened in 1993. IBM Corporation specializing in the release of computer technology, introduced to the world the first touchscreen mobile phone, calling it "IBM Simon". At that time, it represented a maximum of possible characteristics, weighed 0.5 kg, and most of the operations on the display were actually done with your fingers.
The phone's battery was rated for 1 hour of continuous talk time or 8 hours of standby time. RAM it was 1 MB, the developers also provided for receiving on the phone Email and faxes.
However, as we have already noted, IBM Simon did not receive distribution. Firstly, the phone was overpriced - $ 1100. Second, the apparatus was unreliable and often required expensive repairs. As a result, the company-developer simply self-liquidated from the market for the production of mobile phones.
Apple in the life of a man of the XXI century
Today, Apple products are not only compact devices, the quality of which is noted all over the world, but also the most fashionable brand of the 21st century. People literally cannot imagine their life without an "apple", and the start of sales of a new product of the company always goes with excitement.
It's hard to imagine, but the way out the first iPhone took place 10 years ago. True, the creation of the famous smartphones began in 2002 - by the founder of "Apple".
His main idea was to create a device that meets the needs of consumers: stylish design, built-in player and mini-computer, as well as high power of the phone. But the first iPhone did not live up to the expectations of even Jobs himself, the smartphone did not have enough power, but the main disadvantage was low speed internet connections. Therefore, the first model of the iPhone did not receive mass distribution.
The product modernization work continued, and a year later it was presented new model- iPhone 3G. The problem with the Internet speed in this model was almost solved, the design was also modernized, and the operating memory was replaced. The success of this model was confirmed by the information received from sales: more than 70 countries are interested in the new product.
After that, the iPhone 3G S was released, declared as high-speed. There are new features like voice control and encryption of personal information. Like the previous model, new iphone quickly filled the markets and was snapped up.
Today, Apple smartphones are sold with great success in more than 80 countries around the world. IPhones have moved from an affordable smartphone to the category "for the level above average", since the cost of even old models rarely drops below 25,000 rubles, and new items cost 130-150 thousand rubles from the beginning of sales.
- The inventor of the telephone might not be considered Alexander Bell, but Antonio Meucci, who also developed the telephone, but refused to patent his invention for $ 10, and Bell took advantage of this.
- Today Nokia is developing a way that will make it possible to recharge the phone from radio waves.
- The first telephone did not have a ring; instead, a whistle was used.
- Models are popular in Japan waterproof phones because the Japanese use them even in the shower.
- Antarctica also has its own telephone code starting with +682.
- 150 million mobile phones are sent to landfill every year because they are replaced with an improved device, not because of a malfunctioning phone.
The invention of the telephone and its modernization to a mobile one is, of course, a breakthrough for science and an extremely important discovery for a person. Now everyone, regardless of distance, feels close to friends and family, talking to them every day.
Also, modern telephones provide instant access to the necessary information 24 hours a day. The main thing is to correctly use the achievements of the XXI century and not stop there, because new demands of people lead to world discoveries, being a "push" and a call for development.
A person constantly needs communication. For the exchange of information and just for the soul. And it is not enough for him to communicate with people who are nearby. There is always something to say even to those who are on the next street, in another city or overseas. It has always been that way. But only at the end of the nineteenth century did we have such an opportunity. In this article, we will trace the history of the emergence of the telephone, find out who invented the telephone and what difficulties scientists faced.
Over the years, there have been the most different ways transmission of information. Our ancestors sent letters with messengers and carrier pigeons, burned fires, used the services of heralds.
In the 16th century, the Italian Giovanni della Porta invented a system of communication pipes, which were supposed to "permeate" all of Italy. This fantastic idea was never implemented.
In 1837, American inventor Samuel Morse created the electric telegraph and developed the telegraph alphabet, which was called " morse code».
In the 1850s, an unexpected discovery was made by the Italian Antonio Meucci, who lives in New York. Confident in the positive effects of electricity on human health, he assembled a generator and opened a private medical practice. Once, having connected the wires to the patient's lips, Meucci went into a distant room to turn on the generator. As soon as the device is working, the doctor heard a patient scream... He was so loud and clear, as if the poor fellow were nearby.
Meucci began to experiment with the generator, and by the beginning of the 70s the drawings of the apparatus were already ready " telephone". In 1871, the inventor tried to register his creation, but something prevented him. Either the Italian did not have enough money for the registration procedure at the patent office, or the papers were lost during shipment, or, perhaps, they were stolen.
Who was the first to invent the telephone and in what year
In 1861, a German scientist Philip Rice invented a device that could transmit all kinds of sounds through a cable. This was the first phone... (It is worth familiarizing yourself with the fact and its history of creation) Rice was unable to register a patent for his invention, therefore he did not become as widely known as the American Alexander Bell.
On February 14, 1876, Bell took the application to the Patent Office in Washington to patent " A telegraphic device with which human speech can be transmitted". Two hours later, Elijah Gray, an electrical engineer, showed up. Gray's invention was called "A device for transmitting and receiving vocal sounds by telegraph." He was denied a patent.
This device consisted of a wooden stand, an ear tube, a battery (a vessel of acid), and wires. The inventor himself called it the gallows.
The first words spoken on the phone were: “Watson, this is Bell! If you can hear me, then go to the window and beckon with your hat. "
In 1878, a series of lawsuits against Alexander Bell began in America. About thirty people tried to take away the laurels of the inventor from him. Six claims were dismissed immediately. The claims of the remaining inventors were divided into 11 points and were considered separately. On eight of these points, Bell's primacy was recognized, on the other three, inventors Edison and McDonnaught won the court. Gray has not won a single case. Although a study of Bell's diaries and documents filed by Gray with the Patent Office many years later showed that the inventor is Gray.
Development and improvement of the phone
The further fate of Bell's invention was taken up by Thomas Edison. In 1878, he made some changes to the structure of the telephone: he introduced a carbon microphone and an induction coil into the circuit. Thanks to this modernization, the distance between the interlocutors could be significantly increased.
In the same year, the first telephone exchange in history began operating in the small American town of New Chaven.
And in 1887 in Russia the inventor K.A.Mostsitsky created a self-acting switchboard - the prototype of automatic telephone exchanges.
Who invented the mobile (cell) phone
It is generally accepted that the birthplace of a mobile phone is the United States. But first mobile phone the device appeared in the Soviet Union. 04.11.1957 radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich received a patent for " Radio calling and switching device telephone connection ". His radiotelephone could transmit sound signals to base station up to 25 kilometers... The device was a box with a dial for dialing, two toggle switches and a tube. He weighed half a kilo and worked up to 30 hours in standby mode.
The idea of creating a cellular telephone communication appeared back in 1946 at the American company AT&T Bell Labs. The company was engaged in the rental of car radio stations.
In parallel with AT&T Bell Labs, Motorola also conducted research. For nearly ten years, each of these companies has been striving to get ahead of the competition. Motorola won.
In April 1973, one of the employees of this company, engineer Martin Cooper, "shared his joy" with colleagues from a competing enterprise. He called AT&T Bell Labs, called the head of research, Joel Engel, and said that in this moment located on one of the streets of New York and talking on the world's first mobile phone. Cooper then went to a press conference on the miracle of technology that he held in his hands.
"Firstborn" Motorola received the name Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. He weighed about a kilogram, and reached a height of 25 cm... The phone could work in talk mode for about 30 minutes, and it took about 10 hours to charge. And ten years later, in 1983, it finally went on sale. The novelty cost a lot of money - $ 3500 - a little cheaper than a brand new car. But even so, there were plenty of potential buyers.
In 1992 Motorola released a mobile phone that could fit in the palm of your hand.
At the same time, the Finnish company Nokia introduced the first mass GSM Nokia phone 1011.
In 1993, thanks to BellSouth / IBM, the first communicator appeared - a telephone connected to a PDA.
And 1996 is the year of the creation of the first clamshell phone. This is the merit of the same Motorola.
In it Nokia time pleased the world with the first smartphone with Intel processor 386 and full QWERTY keyboard- Nokia 9000.
On average, a person makes nearly one and a half thousand phone calls a year.
Who invented the touchscreen phone
The great-grandfather of the famous iPhone is IBM Simon, released in 1994. It was the world's first touchphone. Simon cost a lot - $ 1090. But it was no longer just a telephone. It combined the qualities of a telephone and a computer, and it could also be used as a pager or fax. It was equipped with a calculator, calendar, notepad, to-do list, a couple of games, and even an email agent.
The device had a monochrome display with a resolution of 160 × 293 pixels with a diagonal of 4.7 inches. Instead of the usual keys, there appeared virtual keyboard... The battery lasted for an hour of talk time or 12 hours of standby time.
Too high a price did not allow the model to become popular among users, but it was "Simon" went down in history as the first touchphone.
In 2000, the world saw the first telephone, officially named smartphone- Ericsson R380. Touch screen The R380 was hiding under a flip cover with regular buttons. The screen was monochrome, with a diagonal of 3.5 inches and a resolution of 120 × 360.
The smartphone was based on the new Symbian OS for mobile devices. R380 supported WAP, browser, notepad, e-mail client, games were installed.
In 2007, IBM released the first phone with a sensor that responded to the touch of a finger rather than a stylus. It was the LG KE850 Prada. This model was also remembered for its unusual design and wide functionality.
In the same year, Apple introduced its famous iPhone to the general public.
