Information Technology

Information Technology (IT, from the English. information technology, IT) - a wide class of disciplines and areas of activity related to technologies for creating, storing, managing and processing data, including using computing technology... Recently, information technology is most often understood as computer technology. In particular, IT deals with the use of computers and software for creating, storing, processing, limiting the transmission and reception of information. Computer technicians and programmers are often referred to as IT Professionals.

According to the definition adopted by UNESCO, IT is a complex of interrelated scientific, technological, engineering disciplines that study methods of efficiently organizing the work of people involved in processing and storing information; computing technology and methods of organizing and interacting with people and production equipment, their practical applications, as well as related social, economic and cultural problems. IT itself requires complex training, high upfront costs, and knowledge-intensive technology. Their implementation should begin with the creation of software, modeling, and the formation of information storages for intermediate data and solutions.

The main features of modern IT:

• Structurality of standards for digital data exchange algorithms;
• Extensive use of computer storage and provision of information in the required form;
• Transfer of information through digital technologies over almost unlimited distances.

Discipline of information technology

In a broad sense, IT covers all areas of creation, transmission, storage and perception of information and not only computer technology. At the same time, IT is often associated precisely with computer technology, and this is no coincidence: the emergence of computers has brought IT to a new level. As once television, and even earlier the printing business.

Information technology industry

The information technology industry is concerned with the creation, development, and operation of information systems. Information technologies are designed, based on and rationally using modern achievements in the field of computer technology and other high technologies, the latest communication tools, software and practical experience, to solve problems of effective organization information process to reduce the cost of time, labor, energy and material resources in all spheres of human life and modern society. Information technologies interact and are often a constituent part of services, management, industrial production, social processes.

Story

Development began in the 1960s, together with the emergence and development of the first information systems (IS).

Investments in Internet infrastructure and services sparked the explosive growth of the IT industry in the late 1990s.

Technological potential and growth

Gilbert and Lopez point to the exponential growth of technological progress (a kind of Moore's Law) as a doubling of the per capita power density of all information processing machines every 14 months between 1986 and 2007; global telecommunication potential per capita doubles every 34 months; the amount of information entered in the world per capita doubles every 40 months (that is, every three years), and the transmission of information per capita tends to double approximately every 12.3 years.

The use of information technology in business

The interaction of information technology and business is manifested in the following: 1) IT technologies increase the efficiency and competitiveness of almost any business; 2) currently all business is moving to the Internet, so any company needs to have a strategy for a new reality; 3) if the company does not have such a strategy, it has no future. ...

Information technology as a tool to improve the efficiency of the main business must be used thoughtfully and carefully. A positive effect is achieved only if the company's management has a clear understanding of the goals of future actions. That is, if a tool appears that can benefit the business, it is necessary to anticipate several steps ahead how the business itself will develop and how it is necessary to develop the use of IT technology to support the successful implementation of the business strategy. Otherwise, unfortunately, this very powerful tool, which is also expensive and difficult to use, will not bring any benefit to the business, and the funds on IT will be wasted. ...

Statistics for Russia

According to the data collected by Timur Farukshin (IDC Consulting Director in Russia and the CIS) for 2010, in terms of cash expenditures on IT equipment, Russia was among the top ten leading countries in the world, behind the developed countries of Western Europe and the United States 3-5 times in per capita IT equipment costs. Much less is spent in Russia on the purchase of software per capita, at this point of expenditure Russia lags behind the United States by 20 times, from the leading countries of Western Europe - 10 times, and from the world average - by 55%. For the provision of IT services in 2010, Russia took only 22nd place and yielded to the world average by 66%.

According to IT specialists, the main problem in the development of IT technologies in Russia is the digital divide between various Russian regions. According to 2010 statistics, the lag in this area of ​​such regions as Dagestan and Ingushetia, in comparison with Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tomsk region, Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrugs, even tends to increase in some indicators. Since the lack of IT specialists and the general educational level of the population in the lagging regions in comparison with the advanced ones, in 2010 it already reached a ratio of 1 / 11.2; despite the fact that school access to the Internet in lagging and advanced regions had a lower ratio - 1 / 2.2.

Expenditures on information and communication technologies in 2005 as a percentage of the main consumer - USA (1,096,112,600,000 $)

see also

Notes (edit)

Links

	Portal "Computer techologies"
	Information Technology in Wikibooks
	Information Technology at Wikiversity
	Information Technology on Wikinews

• Information technology in accordance with GOST 34 .003-90
• UN website Information and communication technologies

Concepts of information technology types of information technology. Information technology is a process that uses a set of tools and methods for collecting, processing and transmitting data to obtain information of a new quality about the state of an object, process or phenomenon. The purpose of information technology is the production of information for its analysis by a person and making, on its basis, a decision to perform an action. The introduction of a personal computer into the information sphere and the use of telecommunication means of communication have determined a new stage in the development of information technology. New information technology is an information technology with a "friendly" user interface, using personal computers and telecommunications facilities. New information technology is based on the following main principles ... 1) Interactive (dialog) mode of working with a computer. 2) Integration with other software products. 3) Flexibility of the process of changing data and setting tasks. As instrumentation information technology uses common types of software: word processors, publishing systems, spreadsheets, database management systems, electronic calendars, Information Systems functional purpose.

IT classification

By the type of information processed: a) data b) knowledge

Type user interface: a) command b) WIMP c) SILK (speech commands)

By the degree of interaction with each other: discrete; network

By field of application:

1. Information technology of data processing 2. Information technology of management 3. Information technology of an automated office 4. Information technology of decision support 5. Information technology of expert systems

Automated workstation (arm) of a specialist, concept, composition, requirements.

Automated workplace(AWP) is a workstation for a specialist operator, equipped with computer technology to automate the processing and display of information required to complete a production task. An automated workstation for a specialist is a tool for rationalizing and intensifying management activities. AWPs have a problem-professional orientation to a specific subject area and represent a means of communication between a specialist and automated information systems. AWPs created on the basis of personal computers are the simplest and most common version of an automated workplace for employees in the field of organizational management. Such an automated workplace is considered as a system that, in an interactive mode of operation, provides a specific employee (user) with all types of support exclusively for the entire session. This corresponds to the approach to the design of such a component of an automated workplace as an internal information support, according to which the information fund on magnetic media of a particular automated workplace should be at the exclusive disposal of the user of the automated workplace. The user himself performs all the functional responsibilities for the transformation of information.

An automated workstation (AWP), or, in foreign terminology, a "work-station", is a place of a user-specialist of a particular profession, equipped with the means necessary to automate the execution of certain functions... An automated workstation (AWP) is determined, as a rule, by a set of technical means and software tools A PC is mainly used as technical means, supplemented as necessary by other auxiliary electronic devices: disk drives, printing devices, optical reading devices or bar code readers, graphics devices, means of interfacing with other AWPs and with local area networks, etc. etc.

The technical support of the automated workplace should guarantee high reliability of technical means, the organization of user-friendly operating modes (autonomous, with a distributed database, informational, with upper-level technology, etc.), the ability to process in set time required amount of data. Since the AWP is an individual user tool, it must provide high ergonomic properties and ease of use.

Creation of AWP based on personal computers provides:

simplicity, convenience and user-friendliness;

ease of adaptation to specific user functions;

compactness of placement and low requirements for operating conditions;

high reliability and survivability;

relatively simple organization of maintenance.

An effective mode of work of the AWP is its functioning within the local area network as a workstation. This option is especially expedient when it is required to distribute information and computing resources among several users. A more complex form is an AWP using a PC as an intelligent terminal, as well as with remote access to the resources of a central (main) computer or external network. In this case, several PCs are connected via communication channels to the main computer, while each PC can also work as an independent terminal device. In the most complex systems, AWPs can, through special equipment, connect not only to the resources of the main computer of the network, but also to various information services and systems general purpose(news services, national information retrieval systems, databases and knowledge databases, library systems, etc.). The capabilities of the AWPs being created largely depend on the technical and operational characteristics of the computers on which they are based. In this regard, at the stage of designing an automated workplace, the requirements for the basic parameters of technical means for processing and issuing information, a set of component modules, network interfaces, ergonomic parameters of devices, etc. are clearly formulated. The synthesis of the automated workstation, the choice of its configuration and equipment for real types of economic and managerial work are of a specific nature, dictated by specialization, set goals, and scope of work. However, any configuration of the AWP must meet the general requirements for the organization of information, technical, software. The information support of the AWP is guided by a specific, familiar to the user, subject area. Document processing should imply such a structuring of information that allows for the necessary manipulation of various structures, convenient and quick correction of data in arrays. The technical support of the automated workplace should guarantee high reliability of technical means, the organization of user-friendly operating modes (autonomous, with a distributed database, informational, with upper-level technology, etc.), the ability to process the required amount of data at a given time. Since the AWP is an individual user tool, it must provide high ergonomic properties and ease of use. The software is primarily focused on the professional level of the user, combined with his functional needs, qualifications and specialization.

Many people of different age groups are interested in what it is about IT technologies. This area has been developing very actively recently, so the most promising jobs and career plans are associated with information technology. However, not everyone understands what this term means. Some believe that it means programming, others - working with microcircuits. What is it really? Let's try to figure it out.

General information

Many have heard of the existence of IT technologies. Only a few can give an exhaustive answer to what it is. Of course, it is easier for young people to navigate this issue, but middle-aged and elderly people, especially those who are far from the world of technology, often find it difficult to delve into the essence of the term. Dictionary entries state that IT technologies can be deciphered as information technological processes. Abbreviation formed in English language, where it began to be actively used by the masses. It was from English that it came to us, so there were no translations, they simply adopted the established form of the sphere designation.

Currently, the professors, explaining what it is - IT-technologies, say that the term is used to denote a whole range of disciplines, areas of human business activity. It is assumed the formation, storage, control over data, information processing. As part of the application of high-tech approaches, it is planned to use the capacities of innovative computer technology.

Modern interpretation

It so happened that nowadays there is a kind of understanding of what IT technologies are. It is a complex concept applied to computer engineering. It is assumed that employees whose activities are related to this area are actively using computer technology, modern and efficient software... Using such tools, they process, accumulate useful information, organize it, and also receive new information and restrict access to existing data (in accordance with the security policy).

The correct name for the professionals involved in this area is “IT Professionals”. And at present, the market for IT technologies, as well as the supply of jobs and skilled labor that can be hired, is actively expanding. His key feature- lack of formal geographic boundaries. For the IT sphere, time and distance are of minimal importance - only the data transfer rate is important, in many respects comparable to the speed of the electric current flowing through the wires.

UNESCO's approach

The field of IT technology has been clearly defined and in terminology approved by UNESCO. In accordance with this approach, it is customary to understand IT as disciplines related to each other and related to technology, science, engineering. They help to make work as efficient as possible. This area explores new techniques to improve the performance of all tasks and work processes. First of all, the field of IT is aimed at improving the working conditions of people involved in the processing of information databases, and also deals with issues related to ensuring the safety of data. IT presupposes the use of the most modern organizational methods, technical capabilities to ensure interaction between personnel and equipment. IT is the practical application of technology and opportunity. It is also a complex of social problems related to aspects of culture and economy.

Information and information technology is a rather difficult area to understand and apply. To work in it, specialists must be prepared in advance. We'll have to invest a lot in the purchase of equipment. The introduction of IT approaches in an enterprise involves, first, mathematical support and modeling, the creation of databases for storing information, solutions, intermediate information.

IT functionality

Key features of information technology (IT):

• The ability to transfer data over impressive distances.
• Structuredness, standardization of information exchange using specific algorithms.
• The use of computer capabilities to store data and provide access to it in a form understandable to the end user.

Scientific discipline

The broadest interpretation of the term under consideration involves the analysis of areas through which the following actions with data are performed:

• Are saved.
• Formed.
• Transported.
• Perceived.

The use of computers is not a prerequisite for information and communication technologies. It is only in the minds of some people that computers are equated with IT. There is nothing surprising in this, because it was computer technology that drew the attention of a wide range of people to information technology. It should be recognized that computer technology is a narrower area than IT.

Industry role of IT

The development of IT technologies has led to the formation from a small section into a whole industry, which nowadays closely intersects with a variety of areas of life. She is engaged in various information systems: their formation, improvement, use. IT helps to make the workflow more efficient, organized, and efficient. For this, it is important to rationally apply the most modern achievements, discoveries, technologies. IT involves the use of the most relevant methods of communication interaction, as well as modern software. To achieve success, it is necessary to involve experienced specialists in the work process. The right integrated approach minimizes resources.

Nowadays, new IT technologies are an industry that is relevant for educational tasks and medical research, for the provision of services, management and production processes. IT has a major impact on social inclusion, social change that is influenced by modern technologies significantly accelerated.

How it all began

For the first time, they began to actively talk about information and communication technologies in the sixties of the last century. It was during that period that the first information systems appeared, and society began its journey into the world of high technologies and even more high speeds... In the late nineties, a lot of money was invested both in the industry in general and in the Internet in particular. The most successful analysts were able to predict the importance of the worldwide web for the future of society. These assumptions have fully justified themselves in practical development.

For the first time, Lopez and Gilbert, who conducted studies of a long time interval, spoke about the growth of technological progress not just in arithmetic progression, but exponentially. Their experiment began back in 1986 and ended twenty-one years later. Throughout this period, the researchers studied the power spent on data processing, and identified the relationship with the population. The data was taken monthly. Research has shown that every 34 months, the potential for IT capabilities doubles, and the amount of stored information doubles in 40 months. Analyzing modern information technologies, they found that the broadcast of the flow of information, based on the number of people living on the planet, doubles in 12.3 years.

IT and business

Perhaps entrepreneurs are one of the key strata of society that actively stimulate the development of modern information technologies. They are the ones who invest decent money in this area, allowing the best minds in the world to work in the chosen direction, improving the technique and approaches to working with information.

It is said that IT and business are in close interaction. The introduction of the most modern technological solutions allows the company to be competitive and efficient. This is true for any line of business. In addition, recent trends are such that it is incredibly difficult to be productive without the Internet. If the enterprise is still not represented on the vastness of the World Wide Web, you should consider options for strategies that will help to adapt to the requirements of our reality. As many experts say, the lack of such a strategy and the desire to start working on it is an obvious indicator of the absence of a future for the enterprise.

Are there new technologies everywhere?

Of course, IT can improve the efficiency of entrepreneurship, but it is necessary to correlate the costs of implementing the latest solutions and the benefits that they will bring. Weighted decision-making is the basis of a successful business. If executives can pinpoint what the purpose of the business process improvement action is, then updating work program will benefit all personnel and the financial results of the enterprise.

But the emergence of an expensive tool, which is not actually used in practice, will not be any plus for the company, but will only be an impressive expense component. To successfully implement technologies, you need to be able to anticipate market developments and apply not only the tools that are relevant today, but also what will be useful in the future. Business strategies that involve resorting to the most modern IT tools are quite difficult to implement and require an impressive financial investment. This obliges us to be especially attentive to the possibilities for improvement, so as not to waste cosmic sums.

Areas of use

Currently, IT technologies are actively used in education. It can be said that it has turned into a national program, large-scale, covering a variety of institutions, from preparatory preschool to implementing programs. higher education... On the one hand, this is good, as it allows you to look with confidence in the future, not to doubt the adequacy of educational opportunities, the compliance of programs and students' expectations. On the other hand, the success of the educational process depends not only on the IT used, but also on the programs themselves, the qualifications of teachers, and their willingness to work according to new methods.

IT technologies in medicine are no less relevant. Modern methods make it possible to carry out high-precision studies and extremely complex surgical interventions. It is thanks to the introduction of IT in this area that new approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, as well as manipulations associated with genetic information, have become possible.

Relevance of the issue

At present, truly cosmic sums are being invested in the IT sector. Recently conducted statistical studies have been organized with the aim of identifying countries in whose territory such development is given the most attention. Our state was in the top ten. Of course, America and the most advanced Western powers are outpacing Russia's pace. Nevertheless, within our state, a lot of money is invested in updating the technical equipment of various institutions and enterprises.

But the software turned out to be an outsider. If huge sums are spent on equipment, then software cannot boast of such attention. We are several dozen times behind America, and about ten times behind many European countries. Compared to the average figure for the entire planet as a whole, Russia has only slightly crossed the half threshold. Its rate is 55%. As for the spheres of service provision, here (in comparison with the global average parameter), our country is characterized by a value of 66%, which made it possible to take 22nd place in the ranking of all countries. The research was carried out in 2010.

Problems of the question

As experts say, the main problem in our country at the present time is a significant gap observed between different regions. For example, in the capital and in St. Petersburg, access to the World Wide Web and the latest technology almost everyone has it, the inhabitants of Ingushetia are just getting such opportunities. This affects both the conduct of business and the educational and scientific potential of the regions.

In a number of regions, there is a significant shortage of qualified specialists capable of working in the field of information technology. But in the advanced regions, access to the World Wide Web is now established in almost all educational institutions, which is already a significant step forward.

Outcomes

Information technologies seem to many to be an invention of the present century, of a modern society spoiled by opportunities, technology, and progress. In fact, this interpretation of the term is erroneous. Many people try to explain the essence of IT with complex words and phenomena, but this approach is not the most reasonable. In fact, information technologies have always been with us, they were simply not recognized as important to such an extent, there were no technical possibilities to optimize work with them.

In fact, IT is all data processing activities. Formally, the use of accounts is also information technology, just outdated for our century. Modern machines have made it possible to improve this area, to bring it to a new level. Progress has had a significant impact on all areas of human life, so neglecting IT is categorically unacceptable.

In order not to drown in the flow of information, quickly find it and use it wisely, there is a whole area of ​​activity - IT technologies. You can guess what this means by expanding the abbreviation IT - Information Technology. Everything related to information - search, storage, transmission - refers to IT technologies.

In ancient times, IT technologies also existed. Knowledge was written down on parchment, papyrus, paper. carried out by messengers, pigeon mail, in the 19th century, mankind mastered radio and telegraph. Information storage was carried out in libraries and archives.

But, of course, the boom in information technology happened in the 20th century when computing was born. Computer systems have shown the greatest efficiency when working with information, therefore, speaking about IT, it is often computer technologies that are meant.

Data transfer

The exchange of information reached a new level after the discovery of electricity. The ability to transmit data via electrical signals has become a major advance IT technologies... What did this give ordinary people?

Our contemporaries can now communicate with each other from anywhere. There was an opportunity to get an education without leaving home. The Internet has largely replaced traditional sources of knowledge. Digitization of paper books, chronicles, documents is in full swing. Digital copies of priceless works are made available to everyone.

At the dawn of the Internet, the amount of information transmitted was severely limited. For example, it took 15 minutes to download a music recording to your computer. Improvement of data transmission methods allowed to increase the speed of data exchange by hundreds of times. This opened up new opportunities, such as video conferencing, webinars, online TV viewing, IP telephony.

Data storage

Data transmission and storage are closely related. If it is not possible to store large amounts of information, then powerful communication channels will also not be in demand. And great progress has been made in this area. Price hard disk changes slightly, but the amount of information that can be recorded on it has increased tenfold over the decade.

For comparison, the memory capacity of the hard drive in 1995 was about 500 MB, in 2005 it was already 80 GB, and in 2015 the majority exceeded the 1 terabyte mark. On the Internet, servers are used to store data. In fact, these are ordinary personal computers, sharpened for storing data. For greater efficiency, they are combined into data centers - the brainchild of IT technology. What is this if not one of the symbols of the post-industrial society? There can be hundreds of servers in one room. The amount of electricity they consume can reach the generation of a small power plant.

Database

The storage and transmission of data is, of course, very important, but only on condition quick search and processing the information you need... Great progress has also been made here. To store information, databases have been developed that allow you to process and retrieve information in an optimal way. Computer databases have entered all spheres of human activity. They are available both at the ticket office and at the medical registration office, with their help, the schedule of lessons at the school is drawn up.

There are free and commercial databases, both for a single user and allowing multiple people to access them at the same time. Accordingly, programming languages ​​have been created that allow you to create databases for different situations.

Data search

IT technologies also help us not to get lost in the stormy ocean of information. What are these names - Google, Yandex, Rambler - probably all Internet users know. The huge accumulated in the world wide web makes the search for the necessary information a non-trivial task.

It is impossible to check every document from start to finish, otherwise every request would take weeks to process. Therefore, search engine developers resort to various tricks. So, for example, every site has keywords, which are searched first. In addition, the found pages need to be sorted by importance so that the user could get the most useful information from the first sites found.

Also, the search engine should cut off resources that artificially wind up their ranking. Search engines are developed by large teams of programmers. Their founders become billionaires, and the cost of advertising on home page a search engine costs astronomical amounts - all because millions of users visit it every day.

Let me be taught

How can you get a profession in the field of IT technology? These are, first of all, universities. Professions related to computer technology, programming, information technology, are in great demand now. New departments have appeared in institutes and universities to provide the labor market with specialists in the field of IT technology. Traditionally, teaching is focused on theory. On the one hand, this knowledge is rather abstract, and it is difficult to directly apply it in practice. On the other hand, the profession of an IT specialist presupposes lifelong learning, and the foundation laid in the university will help the graduate to quickly master the latest developments.

There is another way to become a professional in this field. Currently, a lot of literature on IT technology has been published. "For Dummies" - this is the name of probably the most popular series of books devoted to the basics of programming, database design, web design, network technologies etc. Learning from this kind of literature also has its advantages. Almost always, it is of a purely applied nature, written in an easy, intelligible language. Having taken the first steps, you can start making your first money on the freelance exchange by completing simple tasks for ridiculous money, but gaining invaluable experience. With due diligence, you can achieve noticeable success in 5 years.

Both approaches have a right to exist, especially since sometimes education at a university becomes unavailable for financial reasons. The development of IT technology is so rapid that university education simply cannot keep up with it. It provides a certain foundation, but many things will have to be learned again. And in general, the specifics of an information technology specialist is such that you will have to constantly study in order to remain in demand in the labor market.

Promising developments

From latest developments and areas of IT technologies can be noted cloud technologies... If earlier the user installed on his computer for work required applications, now more and more services appear on the Internet. Graphics and video processing directly in the browser are no longer surprising. Accounting and management programs are emerging to keep abreast of events away from the workplace.

Work is actively underway to recognize the human voice and images. If the computer learns to recognize the image, then this will be another breakthrough in IT technology. Photos from documents can be checked in automatic mode... This will be of great help for law enforcement and border guards. Confident recognition of human speech in the future will allow you to operate a computer in the most familiar way.

Thousands of articles, websites, books devoted to IT technology. What it is? It is impossible to fully convey within the framework of one survey. But if you are interested in the world of information technology, then the task of the article can be considered completed.

2.1 Definition of Information Technology

Technologywhen translated from Greek (techne) means art, craftsmanship, skill, and these are nothing more than processes.

A process should be understood as a certain set of actions aimed at achieving the set goal. The process should be determined by the strategy chosen by the person and implemented using a combination of various means and methods.

The concept of technology means a complex of knowledge about methods, methods of labor, sets of material and technical factors, ways of combining them to create a product or service.

With regard to industrial production, the concept of industrial industrial technology is used.

The application of the concept of technology to information processes led to the emergence of the concept of information technology as a body of knowledge about the methods of automated processing of information using computers to automate management activities.

V modern society The main technical means of information processing technology is a personal computer, which significantly influenced both the concept of construction and use of technological processes and the quality of the resulting information. The introduction of a personal computer into the information sphere and the use of telecommunication means of communication determined a new stage in the development of information technology and, as a result, a change in its name due to the addition of one of the synonyms: “new”, “computer” or “modern”.

Information technology (IT), like any other technology, can be divided into two distinct components:

Hardware. This part of information technology includes the physical structure, configuration of computers, systems and other equipment.

Software. It is a set of rules, guidelines and algorithms required to ensure the operability of technical equipment. This can also include programs, agreements, standards and rules of use aimed at coordinating individual tasks and the process as a whole.

The so-called algorithmic (intellectual) support plays a significant role. It, depending on the intentions, expected results and goals, should justify the feasibility of using and deploying hardware and software, as well as its configuration in each specific case.

Information technology is a set of methods and software and hardware, united in a technological chain, providing collection, processing, storage, distribution and display of information in order to reduce the labor intensity of the processes of using information resources, as well as to increase their reliability and efficiency.

2.2 Evolution of information technology

Information processing has a long history of development, rooted in the invention of the first counting and printing devices. The modern term information technology originated in the late 1970s. and began to denote the processing of information using computers. The development of computer technology took place in several stages, each of which was the result of innovative technological solutions and led to the creation of computers of a new generation. Evolutionary processes have affected both hardware and software. Advances in information technology have undoubtedly been reflected in their application in the economy. And if at the stages of the formation of computer technology, their use was limited to scientific and technical calculations, mainly in the military direction, then as information technologies improved, various areas of the economy, and then the entertainment sector, became areas of use.

Computers of the first generation, created on the basis of vacuum tubes, had low performance and, as a result, limited use. The invention of transistors and their mass production led to the emergence of second generation computers. The high performance of such computers, as well as serious advances in the development of software, made it possible to use them in economic activity for processing and storing economic information.

Since the mid-1960s. for the production of computers, electronic circuits of medium and high degree of integration began to be used, which marked the beginning of the third stage in the development of computer technology. New technical solutions based on microprocessors served as the basis for the creation of the first personal computers, which were characterized by small size and low cost. The production of computers acquired an industrial scale during this period, and the development operating systems and software contributes to an increase in the number of users of computing technology and the expansion of its fields of application. High functionality and an affordable price ensured the introduction of computer technology in almost every division of enterprises to solve such local problems as accounting and data processing.

The modern generation of computers originated in the mid-70s. XX century and still exists. Large and very large integrated circuits (LSI and VLSI) and microprocessors became the basis of these computers.

In parallel with hardware, software (software) was formed, both systemic and applied, which also passed through several generations in its evolution. The first generation software was a basic programming language that only the computer scientists knew. The procedural-oriented languages ​​FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL of the second generation of programming languages ​​made it possible to join the development application programs scientists and specialists from various fields of science and technology. The third stage in the development of software is characterized by the use of advanced operating systems (OS), database management systems (DB) and structured programming languages ​​such as Pascal. The fourth generation is marked by the development and application of object-oriented languages, software for distributed computing systems, improved graphical interface and an integrated programming environment, as well as advanced software tools for working with databases. The fifth generation is focused on knowledge processing, support for network architectures and technologies.

The widespread use of computer technology, the need for data exchange between remote computers became an impetus for the creation and development of computer networks. At the initial stage, a variety of non-standard devices were used, capable of connecting only those computers for which they were designed, and in the mid-1980s. established standard technologies for connecting computers into a network - Ethernet, Arcnet, Token Ring, which greatly simplified the process of creating network structures.

Models of organization of computations and information processing were also improved. Since the 1950s. the model of centralized computing was used, when dumb terminals were connected to a powerful computer, and users worked in a split-time mode. Subsequently, the centralized model could include personal computers as intelligent terminals. In the 1980s. The distributed computing model has become widespread, one of the most popular versions of which is called the "client-server" architecture.

All advances in IT have been used in business process management in enterprises and organizations. At the same time, integrated with organizational solutions and aimed at meeting the needs of business, they formed a class of economic information systems for managing economic objects (enterprises, banks, trade organizations, government agencies etc.).

Economic information systems have also undergone significant changes in their development. If in the 50s. computer technology was used mainly for processing large amounts of information, then 60-ies. marked the beginning of complex automation of enterprise management and the integration of information support based on databases. Full-scale application automated systems management refers to the 70s, when on the basis of electronic computers of the third generation it became possible to create computer systems with a distributed terminal network. 80s marked by the widespread use of personal computers by management workers, the creation of a large set of automated workstations. However, it should be noted that this kind of local ("island") automation did not contribute to an increase in the efficiency of management at enterprises and organizations. Only in the 90s. the development of telecommunication technologies led to the creation of flexible local and global networks and, as a result, to the development and implementation of integrated systems that provided a real opportunity for collective work of both direct performers of business operations and managers who make managerial decisions.

2.3 Structure of information technology

Structure of information technology includes the following procedures: collection and registration of data; preparation of information arrays; processing, accumulation and storage of data; formation of result information; transfer of data from sourcesoccurrence to the place of processing, and the results (calculations) - to consumers of information for acceptance management decisions.

As a rule, economic information undergoes all transformation procedures, but in some cases some procedures may be missing. The sequence of their implementation is also different, while some procedures may be repeated.... The composition of the transformation procedures and the peculiarities of their implementation largely depend on the economic entity that carries out automated information processing. Let us consider the features of performing the basic procedures for converting information.

Collection and registration of information occur in different ways in different economic entities. This procedure is most difficult in automated management processes industrial enterprises, firms where the collection and registration of primary accounting information, reflecting the production and economic activities of the object, is carried out. This procedure is no less complicated in financial authorities, where the flow of cash resources is registered.

At the same time, particular importance is attached to the reliability, completeness and timeliness of the primary information. At the enterprise, the collection and registration of information occurs when performing various business operations (receiving finished products, receiving and dispensing materials, etc.), in banks - when performing financial and credit transactions with legal entities and individuals. Credentials can arise at workplaces as a result of counting the number of processed parts, assembling units, products, detecting defects, etc. In the process of collecting factual information, measurements, counting, weighing material objects, counting banknotes, obtaining time and quantitative characteristics of the work of individual performers are carried out. The collection of information is usually accompanied by its registration, i.e. fixing information on a material carrier (document, machine carrier), entering it into a PC. Recording in primary documents is mainly carried out manually, therefore, the collection and registration procedures remain the most laborious so far, and the process of automating the workflow is still relevant. In the context of enterprise management automation, special attention is paid to the use of technical means for collecting and registering information, combining operations quantitative measurement, registration, accumulation and transmission of information through communication channels, input directly into the computer for the formation of the necessary documents or the accumulation of the received data in the system.

Transfer of information carried out in various ways: by courier, mailing, delivery by vehicles, remote transmission via communication channels using other means of communication. Remote transmission through communication channels reduces the time of data transmission, however, for its implementation, special technical means are required, which increases the cost of the transmission process. It is preferable to use technical means of collection and registration, which, collecting automatically information from sensors installed at workplaces, transmit it to a computer for subsequent processing, which increases its reliability and reduces labor intensity.

Remotely can be transmitted as primary information from its places emergence , and the resultant in the opposite direction. In this case, the resulting information is recorded by various devices: displays, scoreboards, printing devices. The receipt of information through communication channels to the processing center is mainly carried out in two ways: on a machine carrier or directly by entering it into a computer using special software and hardware.

Remote transmission of information using modern communication means is constantly developing and improving. This method of transferring information is of particular importance in multi-level interbranch systems, where the use of remote transmission significantly speeds up the passage of information from one control level to another and reduces the overall processing time.

Machine Coding - procedure for machine representation (recording) of information on machine media in codes accepted in a PC. Such coding of information produced by transferring the data of primary documents to magnetic disks,information from which is then entered into a PC for processing.

Recording information on computer media is carried out on a PC as an independent procedure or as a result of processing.

The storage and accumulation of economic information is caused by its repeated use, the use of conditionally constant, reference and other types of information, the need to complete primary data before processing them. Storage and accumulationinformation is carried out in information bases, on computer media in the form of information arrays, where the data are located according to the order established in the design process.

Directly related to storage and accumulation data search, those. selection of the required data from the stored information, including the search for information to be corrected or replaced. The information search procedure is performed automatically on the basis of a request for the required information compiled by the user or personal computer.

Processing of economic information is produced on a PC, as a rule, decentralized, in the places of origin of primary information, where automated workstations of specialists of one or another management service (department materially -technical supply and sales, chief technologist department, design department, accounting department, planning department, etc.). The processing, however, can be carried out not only autonomously, but also in computer networks, using a set of PC software and information arrays for solving functional problems.

V In the course of solving problems on a computer, in accordance with a computer program, summary reports are formed, which are printed by a machine on paper or displayed on a screen.

Printing summaries can be accompanied by a replication procedure if the document with the resulting information needs to be provided to several users.

Decision-making in an automated system of organizational management, as a rule, is carried out by a specialist with or without the use of technical means, but in the latter case on the basis of a thorough analysis of the resulting information obtainedon a PC. The task of making decisions is complicated by the fact that a specialist has to look for the most acceptable from the set of feasible solutions, minimizing the loss of resources (time, labor, material, etc.). Thanks to the use of personal computers and terminal devices, the analyticity of the information being processed increases, as well as a gradual transition to the automation of the development of optimal solutions in the process of the user's dialogue with the computer system. This is facilitated by the use of new technologies of expert decision support systems.

2.4. Technological support of information technologies

Pithy the aspect of consideration of the AIT elements allows us to identify the subsystems that provide the technology of functioning.

TechnologicalAIT software consists of subsystems that automate information services for users, solving problems using computers and other technical means of control in established operating modes.

Mandatory elements of information technology provision are information, linguistic, technical, software, mathematical, legal, organizational and ergonomic.

Information support (IO) is a set of design solutions in terms of volumes, placement, forms of organization of information circulating in AIT. It includes a set of indicators, reference data, classifiers and codifiers of information, unified documentation systems specially organized for automatic maintenance, arrays of information on appropriate media, as well as personnel ensuring the reliability of storage, timeliness and quality of information processing technology.

Linguistic support (LO) combines a set of linguistic means for the formalization of a natural language, the construction and combination of information units in the course of communication between the AIT personnel and computer facilities. With the help of linguistic support, human-machine communication is carried out. LO includes information languages ​​for describing structural units information base AIT (documents, indicators, details, etc.); control and manipulation languages data information base AIT; language tools of information retrieval systems; language means of design automation AIT; special-purpose conversational languages ​​and other languages; a system of terms and definitions used in the development and operation of automated control systems.

Technical support (TO) is a set of technical means (technical means of collecting, registering, transferring, processing, displaying,reproduction of information, office equipment, etc.), ensuring the work of AIT. The central place among all technical means is a personal computer. Along with technical means, structural elements of technical support are also methodological and guidance materials, technical documentation and personnel serving these technical means.

Software (SW) includes a set of programs that implement the functions and tasks of AIT and ensure the stable operation of complexes of technical means. The programsupport includes system-wide and special programs, as well as instructional and methodological materials on the use of software tools and personnel involved in its development and maintenance for the entire period life cycle AIT.

System-wide software includes programs designed for a wide range of users and designed to organize the computing process and solutions to frequently encountered information processing problems. They allow you to expand the functionality of the computer, automate the scheduling of the sequence of computing work, monitor and control the process. processing data, as well as automate the work of programmers. Special software is a set of programs developed when creating an AIT for a specific functional purpose. It includes software packages that organize data and process them when solving functional problems.

Mathematical support (MO) is a set of mathematical methods, models and algorithms for information processing used in solving functional problems and in the process of automating the design work of AIT. Mathematical security includes tools for modeling management processes, methods and tools for solving typical management problems, methods for optimizing the management processes under study and decision-making (methods of multicriteria optimization, mathematical programming, mathematical statistics, queuing theory, etc.). Technical documentation for this type of AIT software contains a description of tasks, tasks for algorithms, economic and mathematical models of tasks, text and test examples of their solution. The staff consists of specialists in the organization of object management, directors of management tasks, specialists in computational methods, designers of AIT.

Organizational support (OO) is a set of documents regulating the activities of AIT personnel in the conditions of AIS functioning. In the process of solving management problems, this type of support determines the interaction of employeesmanagement services and personnel of AIT with technical means and among themselves. Organizational support is implemented in various methodological and guidance materials on the stages of development, implementation and operation of AIS and AIT, in particular, during a pre-design survey, the formation of technical specifications for design and a feasibility study, the development of design solutions in the design process, the choice of automated tasks, typical design solutions and application programs (PPP), the introduction of the system into operation.

Legal support (OL) is a set of legal norms governing legal relationswhen creating and implementing AIS and AIT. Legal support at the stage of development of AIS and AIT includes regulations related to the contractual relationship between the developer and the customer in the process of creating AIS and AIT, with the legal regulation of various deviations in the course of this process, as well as due to the need to ensure the development process of AIS and AIT with various types of resources. Legal support at the stage of functioning of AIS and AIT includes the determination of their status in specific branches of government, the legal provision on the competence of the AIS and AIT links and the organization of their activities, the rights, duties and responsibilities of personnel, the procedure for creating and using information in AIS, the procedure for registering it, collection, storage, transfer and processing, the procedure for the acquisition and use of electronic computers and other technical means, the procedure for the creation and use of mathematical and software.

Ergonomic support (EO) as a set of methods and tools used at different stages of development and functioning of AIT is intended to create optimal conditions for highly efficient and error-free human activity in AIT, for its fastest development. The AIT ergonomic support includes: a set of various documentation containing ergonomic requirements for workplaces, information models, conditions of personnel activity, as well as a set of the most expedient ways to implement these requirements and carry out an ergonomic examination of the level of their implementation; a set of methods, educational and methodological documentation and technical means that provide justification for the formulation of requirements for the level of personnel training, as well as the formation of a system for the selection and training of AIT personnel; a set of methods and techniques that ensure high efficiency of human activity in AIT.

AIS and AIT implement the solution of functional management tasks, the totality of which makes up the so-called functional part of the economic object as a system. The composition, order and principles of interaction of functional subsystems, tasks and their complexes are established proceeding from and taking into account the achievement of the goal of functioning facing the economic object. The main principles of decomposition - the allocation of independent functional subsystems of complexes of tasks - are: the relative independence of each of them, i.e. the presence of a specific control object; the presence of an appropriate set of functions and functional tasks with a clearly expressed local purpose of functioning; minimization of the composition of the elements included in the subsystem; the presence of one or more local criteria that contribute to the optimization of the operating mode of the subsystem and are consistent with the global criterion for optimizing the functioning of the AIS and the system as a whole.

2.5 Classification of information technology

Information technologies can now be classified according to a number of characteristics, in particular by:

• the way of implementation in the AIS;
• the extent to which management tasks are covered;
• class of realized technological operations;
• type of user interface;
• the method of building a computer network;
• served subject areas.

According to the method of implementation of AIT in AIS, traditionally established and new information technologies are distinguished. If traditional AIT existed in conditions of centralized data processing, before the massive use of personal computers, and were focused mainly on reducing labor intensity in the formation of regular reporting, then new information technologies are associated with information support control process in real time.

New information technology - a technology that is based on the use of computers, active participation of users (non-professionals in the field of programming) in the information process; high level friendly user interface; widespread use of application packages for general and problematic purposes, the ability for the user to access remote databases and programs thanks to computer networks.

According to the degree of AIT's coverage of management tasks, electronic data processing is distinguished, when data processing is carried out using a computer, without revising the methodology and organization of management processes, individual economic problems are solved that provide partial automation of management activities. In the second case, computing facilities, including supercomputers and personal computers, are used for the complex solution of functional tasks, the formation of regular reporting and work in the information and reference mode for the preparation of management decisions. This may include AIT decision support. They provide for the widespread use of economic and mathematical methods, models and PPP for analytical work and the formation of forecasts, drawing up business plans, reasonable estimates and conclusions on the studied processes of industrial and economic practice. This group also includes the currently widely implemented AIT, which are called electronic office and expert decision support. These two AIT options are focused on using the latest advances in the integration of the latest approaches to automating the work of specialists and managers, creating the most favorable conditions for them to perform professional functions, high-quality and timely information services using a full automated set of management procedures implemented in a specific workplace. and the office as a whole.

The electronic office provides for the availability of integrated software packages, including specialized programs and information technologies, providing a comprehensive implementation of the tasks of the subject area.

Nowadays, electronic offices are becoming more and more widespread, the equipment and employees of which can be located in more than one room. The need to work with documents, materials, databases of a specific organization or institution at home, in a hotel and in vehicles led to the emergence of AIT virtual offices... Such AIT is based on the operation of a local network connected to a territorial or global network... Thanks to this, the subscriber systems of the employees of the institution, regardless of where they are located, are included in a common network for them.

Automated information technologies for expert support form the basis for the automation of the work of analysts. These workers except analytical methods and models for the study of the situations developing in market conditions for the sale of products, services, the financial situation of an enterprise, a firm, a financial and credit organization are forced to use the experience accumulated and stored in the system for assessing situations, i.e. information that makes up the knowledge base in a specific subject area. Information processed according to certain rules allows you to prepare informed decisions for behavior in the financial and commodity markets, develop a strategy in the areas of management and marketing.

According to the class of technological operations being implemented, AIT is considered essentially in a programmatic aspect and includes: text processing, spreadsheets, automated data banks, processing of graphic and sound information, multimedia systems, expert systems and artificial intelligence, online search for information in external databases, hypertext systems, automation of programming technology, etc.

By the type of user interface, AIT can be considered from the point of view of the user's ability to access information and computing resources. So, batch AIT eliminates the user's ability to influence the processing of information while it is being reproduced in automatic mode. This is due to the organization of processing, which is based on the execution of a programmed sequence of operations on the data previously accumulated in the system and combined into a package. In contrast to the batch, dialog AIT provides an unlimited opportunity for the user to interact with the stored in the system information resources in real time, while receiving all the necessary information for solving functional problems and making decisions. The network AIT interface provides the user with a means of tele-access to geographically distributed information and computing resources thanks to the advanced communication facilities, which makes such AIT widely used and multifunctional.

Currently, there is a trend towards consolidation different types information technology into a single computer-technological complex, which is called integrated. A special place in it belongs to means of communication, which provide not only extremely broad technological capabilities for automating management activities, but also being the basis for creating various network versions of AIT (local, multi-level distributed, global computer networks, e-mail, digital integrated service networks). All of them are focused on the technological interaction of a set of objects formed by devices for transmitting, processing, accumulating, storing and protecting data, and are integrated computer systems processing data of great complexity with almost unlimited operational capabilities for the implementation of management processes in the economy.

Integrated computer data processing systems are designed as a complex information technology and software complex. It supports a unified way of presenting data and user interaction with system components, provides information and computing needs of specialists that arise in the course of their professional work. Particular importance in such systems is attached to the protection of information during its transmission and processing.

The most widespread in the protection of economic information are hardware and software methods, in particular, the use of a communication system, selected for its protective properties and quality of service, which guarantees the safety of information in the process of transmission and delivery to its addressee; encryption and decryption of data by subscribers of public networks (telephone, telegraph) upon agreement of users on common technical means, encryption algorithms, etc.