Humanity, from the day of its separation from the animal world, has devoted a significant part of its time and attention to information processes.
In our time, millions of people have become users of information. There are cheap computers available to millions of users. Computers have become multimedia, i.e. they process various types of information: sound, graphic, video, etc. This, in turn, gave impetus to the widest use of computers in various fields of science, technology, production, and everyday life.
Communication tools have become ubiquitous, and computers for joint participation in the information process are connected in computer networks... A worldwide computer network, the Internet, has appeared, the services of which are used by a significant part of the world's population, promptly receiving and exchanging data, i.e. a single world information space is being formed.
At present, the circle of people involved in information processing has grown to an unprecedented size, and the exchange rate has become simply fantastic, computers are used in almost all areas of human life. Before our eyes, an information society is emerging, where the focus of attention and significance is shifting from traditional types of resources (material, financial, energy, etc.) to an information resource, which, although it has always existed, was not considered either as an economic or as any other category. Information resources are individual documents and arrays of documents in libraries, archives, funds, data banks, information systems and other repositories. In other words, information resources are knowledge prepared by people for social use in society and recorded on material carriers. Information resources of a country, region, organization are increasingly viewed as strategic resources, similar in importance to reserves of raw materials, energy, minerals and other resources.
The development of world information resources has made it possible to transform the provision of information services into a global human activity, to form a global and domestic market for information services, to increase the validity and efficiency of decisions made in firms, banks, stock exchanges, industry, and trade through the timely use of the necessary information.
In the modern world, the role of information, means of its processing, transmission and accumulation has grown immeasurably. The means of informatics and computer technology now largely determine the scientific and technical potential of the country, the level of development of its national economy, the way of life and human activity.
Receiving and transforming information is a prerequisite for the life of society.
Information has become one of the most important strategic, managerial resources, along with resources - human, financial, material. Its production and consumption constitute a necessary basis for the effective functioning and development of various spheres of social life, and, above all, the economy. This means that not only sources of information in any part of our planet become available to each person, but also the new information generated by them becomes the property of all mankind. In modern conditions, the right to information and access to it are of vital value for all members of society. The growing role of information in society has become the subject of scientific comprehension. Theories have been put forward explaining its place and significance. The most popular are the theories of the post-industrial and information society.
The world is entering a new era - the information era, the era of electronic economic activity, network communities and organizations without borders. The arrival of a new era will radically change the economic and social aspects of society. Such changes most directly affect the place of a person in the information world. A person changes in accordance with the vector of information and technical characteristics of society. However, this is not at all a passive acceptance of new conditions of production and consumption. A person acts as a subject of informational reality that goes far beyond informational reality. specifications... The informatization of everyday life and the emergence of a new information field of human existence do not pass without a trace for the human life world. In the electronic space, the behavioral standards and value orientations of the individual are changing.
New conditions for world mankind are manifested in a special form in Russia. Modern Russia is not yet an information society. First of all, because some of the information is not available to a wide range of users or is replaced by misinformation. However, the informatization of certain segments of social life, certain spheres of politics and economics will sooner or later create conditions for the emergence of a genuine social fabric of a new type, from which an information society can grow. Postindustrial trends can be quite organically combined with the peculiarities of Russian civilization.
The information society is often called a mass society and a consumer society. This is due to such informatization processes as the development of the sphere of mass communications. Global and local computer networks, cellular communications, television and radio broadcasting systems, being components of the information structure of society, also provide communication between people. Mass communication is one of the important phenomena of modern society, which noticeably affects the development of all technologies, information technologies in particular, both within each country and between countries. Often, the processes of informatization are given a negative connotation, which is inherent in the consumer society. Many representatives of social and scientific thought see in informatization processes destructive for the spiritual sphere of society and associate information civilization with the antipode of culture and spirituality.
In the field of theoretical understanding of the ongoing processes, there is still no consensus regarding the ways of developing the information society, the priority of one or another of its directions, the clarity and clarity of formulations and concepts that express what is happening in the information sphere. Therefore, a theoretical study of both conceptual and practical (real) prerequisites for understanding current information processes remains relevant.
information society resource world
Lecture number 1
Introduction. The role of information activities in modern society: economic, social, cultural, educational spheres.
The role of information activities in modern society
Communication channels
Lecture progress:
1. The role of information activities in modern society
The colossal information potential accumulated to date and the emergence of new information and communication technologies have changed the socio-economic nature of modern society.
If until the middle of the twentieth century, society had a pronounced industrial character, then scientists characterize its current state as postindustrial, considering it as a transitional to information society at.
The transition from an industrial society to an information society characterizes the redistribution of labor resources to the service sector and information sphere:
Services sector- part of the economy, which includes all types of commercial and non-commercial services; provided by enterprises, organizations, as well as individuals.
The service sector in economically developed countries makes up the bulk of the economy in terms of the number of employees (more than 60%).
The scope of services includes the following services: financial, information, housing and communal, household, rental services, travel, legal, hotel security, translation services, trade, transport services.
Information sphere is a set of information, information infrastructure, entities that collect, form, disseminate and use information, as well as a system for regulating the resulting social relations.
Examples of the use of computers in various fields: ACS, robots, communications, CAD, construction, banks, science, trade, education (DB, distance learning), medicine, law enforcement, agriculture, army, art, social sphere, everyday life.
Thus, society has information resources. Sectors of employment in the USA in 1983 services 30% industry 20% agriculture 5% information services 45%
The information resources include :
Libraries (more than 150 thousand in Russia, electronic catalogs are being created, books are being digitized);
Scientific and technical information centers (registration of new inventions and discoveries),
Archives (being converted into electronic form),
Industry resources (computer centers of enterprises, organizations for information processing and management),
Social resources (health care, education, pension fund, insurance system, tourism, etc.).
For the development of human society, material, instrumental, energy and other resources are needed, includinginformation ... The present time is characterized by an unprecedented growth in the volume of information flows. This applies to almost any area of human activity. The largest growth in the volume of information is observed in industry, trade, financial and banking and educational spheres.
At present, the dissemination of information in the information sector of the economy cannot be imagined without the use of new information technologies (NIT). The use of modern IT provides almost instant connection to any electronic information arrays coming from international, regional and national information systems and their use in the interests of successful business.
Thanks to rapid development NIT, at present not only there is open access to the world flow of political, financial, scientific and technical information, but also the possibility of building a global business on the Internet has become a real possibility.
The growing popularity of the Internet is due to the fact that using this technology, it is possible to implement almost all business processes in electronic form: buy and sell goods and services, invest money, receive information, conclude agreements, etc. Currently development of the Internet is associated with the avalanche development of e-commerce.
Information transmission channels.
A person constantly has to participate in the process of transferring information. The transmission can take place during direct conversation between people, through correspondence, using technical means of communication: telephone, radio, television, etc. Such means of communication are calledcommunication channels ... Information channels are divided into two types: biological and technical.
Biological information channels - these are the human senses. There are five of them:sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch ... According to the way a person perceives, information is visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, muscular and vestibular.
Technical information channels - this is a telephone, radio, television, computer, etc.
The process of transferring information is always two-way: there is a source, and there is a receiver of information.A source transmits (sends) information, andreceiver it receives (perceives). Each person is constantly moving from the role of a source to the role of a receiver of information.
A person almost continuously has to deal with information processing.
Information perceived by a person in speech or writing is called symbolic (or sign) information.
Human speech and writing are closely related to the concept of language.
Language is a sign system for presenting information, exchanging information. Smells, gustatory and tactile sensations are not reduced to some kind of signs, cannot be conveyed with the help of signs. Of course, they carry information, since we remember them, we recognize them. This information is calledfigurative information ... The figurative also includes information perceived through sight and hearing, but not limited to languages (wind noise, birdsong, pictures of nature, painting).
Although information is associated with a material medium, and its transmission - with the cost of energy, one and the same information can be stored on various material carriers (on paper, in the form of a photograph, on a magnetic tape) and transmitted with different energy costs (by mail, by phone , by courier, etc.).
As a means for storing, processing and transmitting information, scientific and technological progress has offered the society a computer (electronic computer, computer).
Literature: Tsvetkova M.S., Velikovich L.S. Informatics and ICT: textbook. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2012, 1.2
Introduction ……………………………………………………………… ... 3
The role and importance of information in society ……………. …………… ..… ... 4
A person in the information space ……………………………… 9
Conclusion …………………………………………………….… ............ 11
Used literature …………………………………. ………… ..... 12
INTRODUCTION
In the beginning was the word. And also gesture, drawing, dance, smoke from fires and other simple ways of conveying information that people learned to use at about the same time as primitive tools.
Then the word became written. It was very convenient - there was an opportunity to entrust legends, folk tales, epics, as well as personal and state correspondence to hard carriers. Couriers no longer needed to memorize messages, bureaucracy and paperwork appeared.
The greatest inventions of mankind were the printing press and regular mailing. They gave rise to two main signs of civilization - a person should be able to regularly correspond with any number of respondents and read the latest news in the newspapers.
It is possible to enter the 21st century as an educated person only having a good command of information technologies. After all, the activities of people are increasingly dependent on their awareness, the ability to effectively use information. For a free orientation in information flows, a modern specialist of any profile must be able to receive, process and use information using computers, telecommunications and other means of communication. They begin to talk about information as a strategic course of society, as a resource that determines the level of development of the state.
Informatization will ensure the transition of society from an industrial type of development to an informational one. The information market will provide consumers with all the information products and services they need, and their production will be provided by the information technology industry, often referred to as the information industry.
ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF INFORMATION IN SOCIETY
In the history of the development of civilization, there have been several information revolutions - transformations of social relations due to cardinal changes in the field of information processing. The consequence of such transformations was the acquisition of a new quality by human society.
The first revolution was associated with the invention of writing, which led to a giant leap forward in quality and quantity. There was an opportunity to transfer knowledge from generation to generation.
The second (mid-16th century) was caused by the invention of printing, which radically changed industrial society, culture, and the organization of activities.
The third (late 19th century) is due to the invention of electricity, thanks to which the telegraph, telephone, radio appeared, allowing the prompt transmission and accumulation of information in any volume.
The fourth (70s of the XX century) is associated with the invention of microprocessor technology and the emergence of a personal computer. Computers, computer networks, data transmission systems (information communications) are created on microprocessors and integrated circuits. This period is characterized by three fundamental innovations:
1) transition from mechanical and electrical means of transformation
information to electronic;
2) miniaturization of all units, devices, devices, machines;
3) creation of software-controlled devices and processes.
The latest information revolution brings to the fore a new industry - the information industry associated with the production of technical means, methods, technologies for the production of new knowledge. All types of information technologies, especially telecommunications, are becoming the most important components of the information industry. Modern information technology is based on advances in the field computer technology and communications. Information technology is a process that uses a set of means and methods for collecting, processing and transmitting data (primary information) to obtain information of a new quality about the state of an object, process or phenomenon.
The increasing complexity of industrial production, social, economic and political life, changes in the dynamics of processes in all spheres of human activity have led, on the one hand, to an increase in the need for knowledge, and on the other, to the creation of new means and ways to satisfy these needs.
The rapid development of computer technology and information technology served as an impetus for the development of a society based on the use of various information and called the information society.
Information society is a sociological and futurological concept that considers the production and use of scientific, technical and other information to be the main factor of social development. In the 50s and 70s, it became obvious that humanity was entering a new era, the road to which was paved by the rapid development of technology and, first of all, computers, and scientific and technological revolution in general. It is curious to note that almost all the proposed names have the Latin prefix “post-”, i.e. “After -”, as if their creators are expecting some kind of worldwide cataclysm, a global revolution in technology and in the minds of people, after which a new era, a new era, will suddenly begin, a new society will arise. That is why it was so important to find a fundamentally new name, simultaneously showing the continuity and fundamental novelty of the coming society. And this name was invented by Toffler "information society".
Thus, “information society” is a civilization, the development and existence of which is based on a special non-material substance, conventionally called “information”, which has the property of interaction with both the spiritual and the material world of a person.
The concept of "information resource of society" is one of the key concepts of social informatics. The widespread use of this concept began after the publication in 1984 of the book by G.R. Gromov. “National information resources: problems of industrial exploitation”. The creation at the turn of the 1980s of a fundamentally new concept - national information resources - was due to the growing dependence of industrialized countries on sources of information (technical, economic, political, military), as well as on the level of development and efficiency of the use of means of transmission and processing of information. The information resource of the society can be defined as the knowledge accumulated in the society, prepared for the expedient social use.
Modern society cannot exist in conditions of sensory hunger - a comprehensive information field is absolutely necessary for its development and self-organization.
In the process of developing an information strategy, it is important to take into account that when creating an information environment, a dialectical unity of informatics means and a social information system should be formed.
Unfortunately, in scientific literature and journalism, the information environment is often interpreted as a synonym for the technosphere, which is a reflection of the technocratic approach. Now all over the world in the process of informatization, the development of software and hardware means of informatization ("hardware" + software) prevails. A paradoxical situation develops when low-quality information, inadequate to social processes, is processed by very high-quality technology.
The most important concept that needs to be defined when studying the information environment of society is the concept of “information potential of society”. The information potential of a society in a broad sense is an information resource accumulated in society. The information potential of a society in the narrow sense is an activated information resource put into action. The information potential of a society is an information resource of a society in unity with the means, methods and conditions that allow it to be activated and effectively used.
Thus, the unity of the processes of computerization, mediatization and intellectualization is necessary.
In the future information society, global information communications will be of decisive importance. The basis for such communications can be the international computer network Internet. The homeland of the Internet is the United States of America. The Internet has become a development in military technology. The progenitor was the ARPAnet (Advanced Research Project Agency net), developed and deployed back in 1969 by order of the US Department of Defense. An experimental one, ARPAnet was created to support military-industrial research. In particular, they studied methods of building networks that would be resistant to partial damage, for example, during bombing by aircraft - and would retain the ability to function normally in such extreme conditions.
The APRAnet model provided for constant communication between the source computer and the destination computer (destination station) - a network that was assumed to be unreliable, any part of it could disappear at any time. It was not only the network as a whole, but the computers that were communicating with the responsibility of ensuring that communications were established and maintained. The basic principle was that any computer could communicate as an equal with an equal with any other computer connected to the network.
As ARPAnet grew, other networks developed, for communication between which so-called gateways were used, which allowed information to freely flow from one network to another.
The standard according to which the Internet could develop was established in 1983. And from that moment it became possible to add gateways and connect new networks to it, while the original core remained unchanged. Most analysts believe that it was 1983. - the present date of the emergence of the Internet, when the original ARPAnet was divided into the MILNET network intended for military use, and the ARPAnet itself, focused on the continuation of research in the network area. ARPAnet itself ceased to exist in June 1990. and its functions will gradually shift to the more extensive Internet structure. Perhaps it was then that it was possible for the first time to demonstrate the reliability of the Internet as a means of communication, since the closure and, accordingly, shutdown of ARPAnet - the ancestor of the Internet - did not affect the operation of the network as a whole. In 1985. the number of networks connected to the Internet approached a hundred, by 1987. their number doubled, and in 1989 it reached five hundred. Today the Internet consists of more than 12 thousand interconnected networks.
The path laid by the Internet will predetermine many elements of the future backbone. The Internet is a beautiful, vital development, one of the components of the final system, but in the coming years it will change significantly. The modern Internet lacks security and billing systems. Technologies that will embody the idea of a universal information highway must still develop to the proper level. This will be a single high-bandwidth network - a connection of computer and other communications.
MAN IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY
The ideas of the authors of the concept of "information society" about human life in a new society are slightly fabulous and utopian. Such are the idyllic dreams and castles of J. Martin and some other authors not cited here. They are guided by the idea that you can make a person happy by solving all his material problems, getting rid of work and providing long-term leisure. As has been proven many times, this is a completely wrong point of view.
On the one hand, information forms the material environment of a person's life, acting as innovative technologies, computer programs, telecommunication protocols, etc., and on the other hand, it serves as the main means of interpersonal relationships, constantly arising, changing and transforming in the process of transition from one person to another. Thus, information simultaneously determines the socio-cultural life of a person and his material existence.
The problem of human existence and being in a completely “technized” and “informatized” world could not but occupy philosophers, which gave rise to the concept of an “information” society. None of the philosophers who wrote about this problem doubted the radical renewal of the entire life of mankind within the framework of this new formation, but most of them analyzed the problem one-sidedly, whether from a political, economic or social point of view.
The problems of the modern world are widely known: ecology, local wars, the economic abyss between the West and the countries of the "third world", etc. A different kind of problem awaits us in the transition to the "information society" - such as the authors of the concept idealize it. In addition, the question of restructuring people's consciousness for a new type of thinking is unclear. As for the problems of the "information society", here several global ones are the cause of smaller ones. The first of them is the fundamental uncertainty of the essence of information, both material and from a philosophical point of view. Another is the interaction of technology and nature - whether the first is a continuation of the second or its antipode. Finally, the third - the relationship between technology, information and man - should a person adapt to a rapidly growing flurry of information and rapidly changing technology, or should he slow down development and look for another way.
Unfortunately, the authors of the concept of the “information society” did not devote enough space to consider the question of what consequences its onset will bring for the cultural life of mankind. This question was specially developed only by Toffler in his books "The Third Wave" and articles on the future of labor. In connection with the coming onset of the "information age", the main task is to speed up and simplify the transfer of information between people and increase its "digestibility". That is why it is standardized and classified in order to speed up the process of processing information flow as much as possible. This process affects culture in two ways: on the one hand, the spiritual and material sides of a person's life are maximally close, because in culture there is an information element that undergoes the transformations described above, and on the other hand, there is a sharp distinction between the emotional and information aspects of culture.
CONCLUSION
Modern science and technical creativity are drawing fundamentally new types of objects into the orbit of human activity, the development of which requires new strategies. We are talking about objects that are self-developing systems characterized by synergistic effects. Their development is always accompanied by the passage of the system through special states of instability (bifurcation points), and at these moments small random influences can lead to the emergence of new structures, new levels of organization of the system, which affect the already established levels and transform them.
Information is, firstly, knowledge of a relatively new type, suitable for further use, and secondly, knowledge, production, storage and use of which is really becoming an increasingly important activity for society, generates the corresponding technical and organizational structures. The growing role of information and information systems is a historical fact underlying the concepts of the information society. Another fact is the rapid, truly revolutionary impact of the "information mind" on production, management, and the entire life of people. "
Today, according to experts, 90% of all transport movements of people are associated with informational purposes (meetings, signatures, certificates, etc.). Modern “homework” drastically reduces the required time of the presence of people at work places, in educational institutions. This will require a radical restructuring of production and educational processes, a significant increase in the culture and consciousness of people, as well as the development of a new control and evaluation apparatus.
Have political parties ... societies... In various systems, position, media information different: if in democratic societies mass media information... with amplification role punitive bodies ...
Role and place of education in society
Abstract >> SociologyDepartment of Sociology Role and place of education in society Completed: Chernitsina ... childhood. Generally value preschool education is underestimated. ... Role education in the economy is broader than the production aspects. It manifests itself in the consumption of goods, information ...
Information concept
The word information comes from the Latin word informatio, which means information, clarification, familiarization.
The concept of information is basic in the course of computer science; it is impossible to define it through other, simpler concepts. It can only be argued that this concept assumes the presence of a material carrier of information, a source of information, a transmitter of information, a receiver and a communication channel between the source and the receiver.
The concept of information is a general scientific concept, it is used in all spheres without exception - philosophy, computer science, cybernetics, biology, medicine, psychology, physics, etc., while in each science the concept of information is associated with different systems of concepts.
In computer science, information is considered as a set of useful information about the world around us, which circulate in nature and society.
Information- This is a general scientific concept, a body of knowledge about the actual data and the dependencies between them. IN computing information is data to be entered into a computer and issued to users.
Informatization. Computerization. The role of information activities in modern society
The main object of attention of the discipline "Informatics" is the process informatization and computerization modern society, which covers all spheres of our life and develops at an unprecedented pace in history.
Informatization is not so much a technological process as a social process associated with significant changes in the lifestyle of the population.
Informatization(English informatization) - policies and processes aimed at building and developing a telecommunications infrastructure that unites geographically distributed information resources.
Informatization is based on cybernetic methods and means of control, as well as tools of information and communication technologies.
Informatization has become one of the critical characteristics our time. There is not a single area of human activity that, in one way or another, would not be associated with the processes of obtaining and processing information for its practical use.
Computerization- technical equipment is the process of introducing electronic computing technology into all spheres of human activity (for example, to control technological processes, transport, production and transmission of energy and other production processes).
The role of information activities in modern society
Information activities- activities that ensure the collection, processing, storage, search and dissemination of information, as well as the formation of an information resource and the organization of access to it.
Information has always played an extremely important role in human life. Whoever has the greatest amount of information on any issue is always in a better position than others. It is a well-known saying that the one who owns information also owns the world.
For a long time, the collection and systematization of information about the world around us helped a person survive in difficult conditions - from generation to generation, experience and skills in making hunting and labor tools, creating clothes and medicines were passed on. The information was constantly updated and supplemented - each studied phenomenon made it possible to move on to something new, more complex.
Over time, large amounts of data about the world around them contributed to the development of scientific and technological progress and, as a result, the whole society as a whole - a person was able to learn how to manage various types of matter and energy.
Over time, the role of information in human life has become more and more essential. Now, in the first half of the 21st century, the role of information in a person's life is decisive - the more skills and knowledge he has, the more he is valued as a specialist and employee, the more he has respect in society.
In recent decades, they have been persistently talking about the transition from an "industrial society" to an "information society".
There is a change in the methods of production, the worldview of people, their way of life. At the same time, changes are taking place in the nature of labor, which is an indicator of the degree of freedom of working individuals, an indicator of their attitude to work. This is expressed, first of all, in the "on-learning" of labor - in an increase in the scale of application of scientific knowledge in the production process, which leads to an increase in the creative principle in the labor process. Labor becomes more creative, the proportion of mental labor increases, the significance of its individual characteristics increases and, accordingly, the proportion of physical labor, exhausting the muscular strength of a person, decreases. New technology requires not standard performers, not robots, but individuals, creative individuals.
Information has become one of the most important strategic and managerial resources, along with resources - human, financial, material. Using microprocessor technology, electronic computers and personal computers led to a radical transformation of relations and technological foundations of activities in various spheres of social life: production and consumption, financial activities and trade, social structure society and political life, service sector and spiritual culture.
Information revolutions. Industrial Society
Information revolution
Human society, in the course of its development, went through the stages of mastering matter, then energy and, finally, information. From the very beginning of human history, the need arose for the transmission and storage of information.
To convey information, sign language was first used, and then human speech. To store information, rock paintings began to be used, and in the 4th millennium BC, writing and the first carriers of information (Sumerian clay tablets and Egyptian papyri) appeared.
The history of the creation of devices for processing numerical information also begins from antiquity - from the abacus (the counting board, which is the prototype of accounts).
In the history of mankind, several times there have been such radical changes in the information field that they can be called information revolutions.
With the development of society, scientific and technological progress, mankind created more and more new means and methods for collecting, storing, transmitting information. But the most important thing in information processes - processing and purposeful transformation of information - was carried out until recently exclusively by humans.
The first information revolution associated with the invention of writing, which led to a giant qualitative leap in the development of civilization. It became possible to accumulate knowledge and transfer it to subsequent generations. From the standpoint of informatics, this can be assessed as the emergence of means and methods of accumulating information.
Second information revolution(mid-15th century) is associated with the invention of printing, which changed human society, culture and organization of activity. The mass distribution of printed materials made cultural values accessible, opened up the possibility of self-study. From the point of view of informatics, the significance of this revolution is that it advanced qualitatively new way storage of information.
Third information revolution(late 19th century) is associated with the invention of electricity, thanks to which the telegraph, telephone, radio appeared, which made it possible to quickly transmit information over any distance. This stage is important for informatics because information communication tools have appeared.
The fourth information revolution(70s of the twentieth century) is associated with the invention of microprocessor technology and the emergence of personal computers. Soon after, computer telecommunications emerged, radically changing the storage and retrieval of information.
Since the middle of the XX century, since the advent of electronic devices for processing and storing information (computers, and then a personal computer), a gradual transition from industrial society to information society.
Industrial Society
Starting from about the 17th century, in the process of the formation of machine production, the problem of mastering energy(machines and machine tools had to be set in motion).
At first, the methods of mastering the energy of wind and water were improved, and then mankind took possession of thermal energy (in the middle of the 18th century, a steam engine was invented, and at the end of the 19th century - an internal combustion engine).
The transition to an industrial society is associated with the second information revolution - the invention of electricity and radio.
At the end of the 19th century, the mastery of electrical energy, an electric generator and an electric motor were invented. And finally, in the middle of the twentieth century, mankind took possession of atomic energy.
The mastery of energy allowed the transition to mass machine production of consumer goods, industrial society.
Industrial Society Is a society determined by the level of development of industry and its technical base.
In an industrial society, the process of innovations in production plays an important role - the introduction into production of the latest achievements of scientific and technical thought: inventions, ideas, proposals. This process is called innovative.
The criterion for assessing the level of development of an industrial society is not only the level of development of industrial production. The volume of produced consumer goods is also taken into account: cars, refrigerators, washing machines, televisions, etc.
To process textual information on a computer, it is necessary to represent it in a binary sign system. Each character must be associated with a unique 8-bit binary code, the values of which are in the range from 00000000 to 11111111 (in decimal code from 0 to 255).
Since there are many languages and many alphabets in the world, the transition to the international 16-bit system is gradually being made. Unicode encodings... In it, each character takes 2 bytes, which provides 2 16 = 65 536 codes for different characters.
This number of characters was enough to encode not only the Russian and Latin alphabets, numbers, signs and mathematical symbols, but also Greek, Arabic, Hebrew and other alphabets.
You should not think of text stored in computer memory or on an external medium as just a stream of bytes, each of which is just a character code of the text. Text storage formats are determined by the text file formats used by a given word processing program. Files created using word processors (for example, Microsoft Word) include not only alphabet character codes, but also format data: font type and size, line position, margins and indents, and other additional information.
Truth table for basic logic functions
| A | B | AÙB conjunction | AÚB disjunction | ØA inversion |
Computer logic elements
A logical element of a computer is a part of an electronic logical circuit that implements an elementary logical function.
Logical element- the simplest structural unit of a computer - performing a certain logical operation on binary variables according to the rules of logic algebra.
It is usually implemented on electronic devices (semiconductor diodes, transistors) and resistors, or in the form of an integrated microcircuit; has several inputs for receiving signals corresponding to the original variables, and an output for issuing a signal corresponding to the result of operations. For logic elements, discrete values of input and output signals ("0" and "1") are accepted.
Basic logical elements of a computer implement three basic logical operations:
conjunctor - logical element "AND" logical multiplication;
disjunctor - logical element "OR" logical addition;
inverter - logic gate "NOT" inversion.
Since any logical operation can be represented as a combination of three main ones, any computer devices that process or store information can be assembled from basic logical elements, as from "bricks".
The logical elements of the computer operate with signals that are electrical impulses. There is an impulse - the logical meaning of the signal 1 , no momentum - 0 ... Signals-values are received at the inputs of the logic element arguments, a signal-value appears at the output function.
The transformation of a signal by a logic element is specified by a state table, which is actually a truth table corresponding to a logic function.
Conjunctor
Conjunction - corresponds to the conjunction "And", denoted by the sign Ù, otherwise called logical multiplication. The conjunction of two logical variables is true if and only if both variables are true.
Conjunctor (logical element "AND") - implements the conjunction operation.
Two signals (00, 01, 10, 11) are supplied to the inputs A and B of the logical element "AND". The output is a signal of 0 or 1 in accordance with the truth table logical multiplication operations.
Disjunctor
Disjunction - corresponds to the conjunction "OR", denoted by the sign Ú, otherwise called logical addition. A disjunction of two logical variables is true when at least one variable is true.
Disjunctor (logical element "OR") - implements the disjunction operation.
Two signals (00, 01, 10 or 11) are supplied to the inputs A and B of the logical element "OR". The output is a signal of 0 or 1 in accordance with the truth table logical addition operations.
Inverter - logical element "NOT"
Attaching the "NOT" particle to a statement is called an operation of logical negation or inversion.
Logical negation (inversion) makes a true expression false and, conversely, false - true.
Operation of logical negation (inversion) on a logical statement A in the algebra of logic it is customary to denote ØA.
Inverter- implements the operation of negation, or inversion.
Signal 0 or 1 is applied to the input A of the logic gate. The output is a signal of 0 or 1 in accordance with the truth table inversions.
Other logical elements are built from these three simplest ones and perform more complex logical transformations of information. The signal generated by one logical element can be fed to the input of another element, this makes it possible to form chains from separate logical elements.
Methods for describing algorithms
Typical designs of algorithms:
· linear- a description of actions that are performed once in a given order;
· cyclical- a description of an action or a group of actions that must be repeated a specified number of times or until a specified condition is met.
· branching- an algorithm in which, depending on the condition, either one or the other sequence of actions is performed;
· auxiliary- an algorithm that can be used in other algorithms by specifying only its name.
The form and method of writing the algorithm depends on who will be the performer.
Algorithm Representation can be divided into two groups:
· natural:
Verbal way (the algorithm is written in natural language);
Graphical method (the algorithm is shown in the form of a block diagram);
· formal.
Natural representation of the algorithm
Verbal way: With the verbal method, the algorithm is written in the form of text with formulas for items that determine the sequence of actions.
Graphical way (flowcharts): The block diagram allows you to make the algorithm more descriptive and highlights the main algorithmic structures in the algorithm (linear, branching, selection, and loop). The elements of the algorithm are depicted on the block diagram using various geometric shapes. The elements of the algorithm are connected by arrows indicating the steps in the execution of the algorithm.
Elements of block diagrams
Formal representation of algorithms
Formal representation of algorithms is a way of writing algorithms using algorithmic languages or programming languages.
Algorithmic language Is a system of rules and notation for accurate and unambiguous recording of algorithms. This record is formalized. This means that the entry obeys the strict syntax requirements of the language.
Programming language Is a system of notation and rules for recording algorithms intended for use on a computer.
Program- recording a series of executable commands in a given programming language.
At the dawn of the computer era, in the 40-50s, programs were developed directly on machine language (programming language low level), that is, in the language that the processor "understands". Programs in a low-level programming language were very long sequences of zeros and ones, which were very difficult for a person to understand.
In the 60s, development began programming languages high level (Algol, Fortran, Basic, Pascal, etc.), which greatly facilitated the work of programmers. High-level programming languages - allow you to create programs in a familiar form for a person (in the form of sentences). Such programming languages were built on the basis of the use of a certain alphabet and strict rules for constructing sentences (syntax).
Microsoft's object-oriented visual programming systems are currently the most popular. Visual basic, Borland Delphi, C ++ (C ++), JAVA.
There are several hundred programming languages in the world of various structures and capabilities.
Computer devices
IN modern computers this is:
Memory (storage device - ZU), consisting of renumbered cells;
A processor including a control unit (CU) and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU);
Input device;
Output device.
These devices are interconnected by communication channels through which information is transmitted.
| Memory |
| Program |
| Data |
| CPU |
| Input |
| Output |
| Command counter |
| Command register |
| Operator registers |
One part of the processor that executes commands is called arithmetic logic unit, and its other part, which performs the functions of controlling devices, is control device... Usually these devices are allocated purely conditionally, they are not structurally separated.
The processor has a number of specialized additional memory cells called registers... The register performs the function of short-term storage of a number or command. The main element of the register is electronic circuit called trigger.
A register is a collection of triggers related to each other in a certain way common system management.
There are several types of registers, differing in the type of operations performed. Some important registers have their own names, for example:
adder- ALU register participating in the execution of each operation;
command counter- UU register, the content of which corresponds to the address of the next executed command. It serves to automatically fetch a program from sequential memory cells;
command register- UU register for storing the command code for the period of time required for its execution. Some of its bits are used to store the opcode, while the rest are used to store the operand address codes.
The principle of memory homogeneity
Programs and data are stored in the same memory, so the computer does not distinguish between what is stored in a given memory location - a number, text, or command. You can perform the same actions on commands as on data.
Targeting principle
Structurally, the main memory consists of numbered cells. Any cell is available to the processor at any time.
Computer memory should consist of a number of numbered cells, each of which can contain either processed data or program instructions. All memory cells should be equally easily accessible to other computer devices.
Hence, it is possible to give names to memory areas so that the values stored in them can be subsequently accessed or changed during the execution of programs using the assigned names.
Variety of computers
A personal computer (PC) is a computer designed for individual use. Currently, it is a powerful universal computer that works both at home and at work places in offices, easily connects to various computing systems.
The technical basis of the PC is a microprocessor (MP). The development of MP technology has determined the change of generations of personal computers:
8-bit MP (1975 - 1980) - I generation;
16-bit MP (1981 - 1985) - II generation;
32-bit MP (1986 - 1992) - III generation;
· 64-bit MP (1993 - present) - IV generation;
An important role in the development of the PC was played by the appearance of the IBM PC, produced by the IBM Corporation (USA) on the basis of the Intel-8086 MP in 1981. This personal computer took the leading place in the PC market. Its main advantage is its open architecture, thanks to which users can expand the capabilities of the PC by adding various peripherals and upgrading the computer. Today, 85% of all computers are based on the IBM PC architecture.
PC classification by purpose
General purpose pc- designed for the mass consumer for entertainment, education and work.
Professional PCs- used in the scientific field, to solve complex information and production problems, where high performance is required, efficient transfer of large amounts of information, a sufficiently large capacity random access memory.
PC classification by design
A modern personal computer can be implemented:
In the desktop (desktop),
Portable (notebook),
· Pocket (handheld) version.
Computer architecture
Architecture- these are the most general principles of building a computer, reflecting program control work and interaction of its main functional units.
The architecture of modern personal computers is based on trunk-modular principle.
The modular principle allows the consumer to complete the required computer configuration and, if necessary, upgrade it.
The modular organization of a computer is based on the trunk (bus) principle of information exchange between devices.
Connect to the trunk CPU and RAM, as well as peripheral input, output and storage devices that exchange information in machine language (sequences of zeros and ones in the form of electrical impulses).
| Input Devices |
| External memory |
| Output devices |
| Network devices |
Trunk-modular computer device
Microprocessor- performs arithmetic and logical operations, given by the program, controls the computing process and coordinates the work of all computer devices.
RAM- (RAM - Random Access Memory - memory with random access) - part of the computer memory system, which temporarily stores programs in the process of their execution and data in the process of their processing by the processor.
Input Devices- equipment with which you can enter data: keyboard, mouse, joystick, trackball, touchpad, light pen, touch screens, scanners, digital cameras TV tuners, speech recognition systems, touch sensors ,.
Output devices- equipment with which you can display data: monitors, printers, plotters, speakers, human voice synthesis systems.
External memory – used for permanent storage of information - programs and data: hard disk drive (HDD - Hard Disk Drive), or hard drive, CD-ROM drives (CD and DVD).
Network devices- required to connect the computer to the network: network adapters, communication channels, devices that support the functioning of the network (routers, hubs, switches).
Highway(system bus) includes three multi-bit buses:
data bus,
address bus,
control bus,
which are multi-wire lines.
Data bus
On this bus, data is transferred between various devices.
For example, data read from RAM can be transferred processor for processing and then the received data can be sent back into RAM for storage.
Thus, data on the data bus can be transferred from device to device in any direction.
The bit width of the data bus is determined by the bit width of the processor, that is, the number of bits that can be processed or transmitted by the processor at the same time.
The bit depth of processors is constantly increasing with the development of computer technology and is currently 64 bits.
Address bus
The choice of a device or memory cell where data is sent or from where data is read via the data bus is made by the processor.
Each device or RAM cell has its own address.
The address is transmitted over the address bus, and signals are transmitted along it in one direction - from the processor to the RAM and devices (unidirectional bus).
The bit width of the address bus determines the amount of addressable memory (address space), that is, the number of single-byte memory cells that can have unique addresses.
The number of addressable memory cells can be calculated using the formula:
where I is the width of the address bus.
The bit width of the address bus has been constantly increasing and in modern personal computers it is 64 bits.
Thus, the maximum possible number of addressable memory cells is:
N = 2 64 cells
Control bus
Signals are transmitted over the control bus that determine the nature of the exchange of information along the highway.
Control signals show what operation - reading or writing information from memory to be performed, synchronize the exchange of information between devices and so on.
Storage of information objects of various types on various digital media. Magnetic digital storage media. Magnetic principle of recording and reading information. Flexible and hard magnetic disks.
Information encoded using natural and formal languages, as well as information in the form of visual and sound images, is stored in the memory of a person. However, for long-term storage of information, its accumulation and transmission from generation to generation, are used carriers information.
Information carrier(information medium) - any material object or medium used to store or transmit information.
The material nature of information carriers can be different: DNA molecules that store genetic information; paper on which texts and images are stored; magnetic tape on which audio information is stored; photographic and cinematographic films on which graphic information is stored; memory chips, magnetic and laser disks that store programs and data in a computer, and so on.
All information carriers are used for: recording, storing, reading, transmitting information. Until recently, the most common information carrier was paper. But time passes, and the quality of paper media has ceased to suit modern society, concerned with the ever-increasing amount of information.
According to experts, the amount of information recorded on various media exceeds one exabyte per year (10 18 bytes / year). About 80% of all this information is stored in digital form on magnetic and optical media and only 20% on analog media (paper, magnetic tapes, photographic and film strips).
Any computer information on any medium is stored in binary (digital) form... Regardless of the type of information (text, graphics, sound) - its volume can be measured in bits and bytes.
Digital storage media- devices designed for recording, storing and reading information presented in digital form.
On the first computers, paper media were used to digitally represent the input data - punched cards (cardboard cards with holes) and punched tape.
Flexible magnetic disks
Until recently, personal computers were equipped with a floppy disk drive (floppy disk drive), which in the price lists is called FDD- Floppy Disk Drive Floppy disks themselves are called floppy disks. The most common type of floppy disk is 3.5 inches (89 mm) in diameter and can hold 1.44 MB of information.
The 3.5-inch floppy disk itself with a magnetic layer applied to it is enclosed in a hard plastic envelope that protects the floppy disk from mechanical damage and dust.
For access of magnetic read-write heads to a floppy disk, there is a slot in its plastic case, which is closed by a metal latch. The latch automatically opens when a floppy disk is inserted into the drive.
In the center of the disk there is a device for gripping and rotating the disk inside the plastic case. The floppy disk is inserted into a disk drive, which rotates it at a constant angular velocity. In this case, the magnetic head of the disk drive is installed on a certain concentric track of the disk (track), on which the recording is made or from which the information is read.
| sector |
| track |
When performing read or write operations, the floppy disk rotates in the drive, and the read-write heads are set to the desired track and access the specified sector.
The speed of writing and reading information is about 50 Kbytes / s. The diskette spins in the drive at 360 rpm.
In order to preserve information, flexible magnetic disks must be protected from the effects of strong magnetic fields and heating, since such physical influences can lead to demagnetization of the medium and loss of information.
Floppy disks are currently falling into disuse.
Hard magnetic disks
A hard disk drive (HDD) or, as it is more commonly called, a hard drive or hard disk ( Hard disk), is the main data storage location in personal computer... In the price lists, hard drives are indicated as НDD - Hard disk drive(Hard disk drive).
The origin of the name "Winchester" has two versions. According to the first, IBM developed a hard disk drive, on each side of which could fit 30 MB of information, and which was codenamed 3030. Legend has it that the Winchester 3030 rifle conquered the West. The developers of the device had the same intentions.
Slide 1
The role of information activities in modern society The presentation was prepared by the teacher of the State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Baymak Agricultural College" Zh.M. The development of human society requires material, instrumental, energy and other resources, including information.Slide 2
Information society is a society in which most of the workers are engaged in the production, storage, processing and sale of information, especially its highest form - knowledge. Information is one of the main decisive factors that determines the development of technology and resources in general. In this regard, it is very important to understand not only the relationship between the development of the information industry, computerization, information technology with the informatization process, but also to determine the level and degree of influence of the informatization process on the sphere of management and human intellectual activity.
Slide 3
Much attention is paid to the problems of information in general and management as an information process, due to the following objective processes: humanity is experiencing an information explosion. The growth of information circulating and stored in society came into conflict with the individual capabilities of a person to assimilate it; development of mass communication processes; the need to develop a general information theory; development of cybernetics as a science of management;
Slide 4
Much attention is paid to the problems of information in general and management as an information process, due to the following objective processes (continuation): penetration of information technologies into the spheres of social life; research in the field of natural sciences confirms the role of information in the processes of self-organization of animate and inanimate nature; actualization of the problem of sustainable development, the formation of an information economy, the main driving force of which is information potential, information resources; the problem of the prospects for the development of mankind as an integrity makes it necessary to raise the question of the criteria for progress in modern conditions.
Slide 5
Distinctive features: increasing the role of information, knowledge and information technology in the life of society; an increase in the number of people employed in information technology, communications and the production of information products and services in the gross domestic product; the growing informatization of society using telephony, radio, television, the Internet, as well as traditional and electronic media; creation of a global information space, providing: effective information interaction of people, their access to world information resources meeting their needs for information products and services. At the end of the XX century. the terms information society and informatization have firmly taken their place, and not only in the lexicon of specialists in the field of information, but also in the lexicon of politicians, economists, teachers and scientists. In most cases, this concept was associated with the development of information technologies and telecommunications, which allow, on the platform of civil society (or at least its declared principles), to make a new evolutionary leap and worthily enter the next, 21st century already as an information society or its initial stage. Unlike the revolutions taking place in human society, each informational "leap" forward did not destroy, but absorbed and improved the achievements of the previous stages.
Slide 6
The main characteristics of the information society are determined by the following criteria: Technological: key factor - Information Technology, which are widely used in production, institutions, the education system and in everyday life. Social: information acts as an important stimulator of changes in the quality of life, "information consciousness" is formed and approved with wide access to information. Economic: Information constitutes a key factor in the economy as a resource, service, commodity, value added and employment. Political: freedom of information leading to a political process characterized by growing participation and consensus between different classes and social strata of the population. Cultural: recognizing the cultural value of information by promoting the affirmation of information values for the development of the individual and society as a whole. The present time is characterized by an unprecedented growth in the volume of information flows. This applies to almost any area of human activity. The largest growth in the volume of information is observed in industry, trade, financial and banking and educational spheres. For example, in industry, the growth in the volume of information is due to an increase in the volume of production, the complication of products, materials used, technological equipment, the expansion of external and internal relations of economic objects as a result of concentration and specialization of production.
Slide 7
Slide 8
By combining diverse information networks made possible the creation of a global information system Internet, which allows to conduct information services according to the principle "anytime and anywhere: 365/366 days, 24 hours a day, anywhere in the world." Thanks to the rapid development of the latest information technologies, at present, not only has there been an open access to the world flow of political, financial, scientific and technical information, but it has also become a real opportunity to build a global business on the Internet.
Slide 9
Now information technology has become an independent and rather profitable type of business, which is aimed at meeting the diverse information needs of a wide range of users.
